Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- increased weight gain and muscular build
- increased appetite
- consumption of nutritional supplements
- use of other drugs to counteract adverse effects of AAS use
- aggression and mood swings
- gynaecomastia
- hirsutism
- voice pitch alterations
- clitoral hypertrophy
- testicular atrophy
Other diagnostic factors
- acne and/or oily skin
- temporal hairline recession/male pattern baldness
- striae or keloids
- menstrual irregularities
- changes in libido
- erectile dysfunction
- infertility
- premature masculinisation/feminisation (adolescents)
- cognitive impairment
- short stature (adolescents)
- needle marks
Risk factors
- male sex
- participation in competitive sports or bodybuilding
- history of muscle dysmorphia or other body image disorder
- employment as nightclub security officer, professional male dancer, professional wrestler, or law enforcement officer
- history of childhood physical or sexual abuse
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- urine toxicology testing
- testosterone to epitestosterone ratio
- serum testosterone, LH, and FSH
- FBC
- serum glucose
- serum electrolytes
- lipid panel
- LFTs
- creatine kinase
- hepatitis serology
- HIV serology
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Thozhukat Sathyapalan, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FACP, SFHEA
Professor
Chair in Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Hull York Medical School
York
UK
Disclosures
TS declares that he has no competing interests.
Najeeb Shah, MBBS MRCP
Clinical Research Fellow
Hull York Medical School
York
UK
Disclosures
NS declares that he has no competing interests
Acknowledgements
Professor Thozhukat Sathyapalan and Dr Najeeb Shah would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Marcel J. Casavant and Dr Jill R. K. Griffith, previous contributors to the topic.
Disclosures
MJC and JRKG declared that they had no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Fred Hartgens, MD, PhD
Department of Epidemiology
Maastricht University Medical Centre
Department of Surgery
Outpatient Clinic Sports Medicine
Maastricht
Netherlands
Disclosures
FH is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
Harrison G. Pope Jr, MD, MPH
Professor of Psychiatry
Psychiatrist
Director
Biological Psychiatry Laboratory
McLean Hospital
Belmont
MA
Disclosures
HGP is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. HGP has received research grant funding from the US National Institute on Drug Abuse to investigate neuropsychological effect of long-term anabolic steroid use (NIDA R01 DA-041866).
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