Complications
Thrombolytic therapy should be used with caution due to the high risk of bleeding and secondary pulmonary embolism from the dislodged clot.[90] Thrombolysis is contraindicated in patients with a history of a bleeding disorder, previous cardiovascular accident, or hypertension.
Bleeding complications following anticoagulant therapy and liver transplantation are reported in 40% of patients.[89]
Acute hepatic decompensation following surgical shunting requires salvage liver transplantation.[92] This occurs due to deprivation of the liver from its major blood supply, the portal vein.
Post-operative complications of liver transplantation include portal vein and hepatic artery thrombosis, which occur in 12% of patients.[88]
This condition occurs as a compensatory mechanism, as the caudate lobe has a direct venous drainage into the inferior vena cava (IVC). It results in compression and stenosis of the IVC, further contributing to existing venous congestion.[91]
Occurs as a complication of portal hypertension. An episode of gastrointestinal bleeding is less commonly the first presenting symptom of Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Stent stenosis, post-TIPS stent protrusion, and intrahepatic haematoma.
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