Complications
The most common adverse effects of PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor therapies (e.g., durvalumab) are: anaemia (45.4%), fatigue (34.3%), dysphagia (30.0%), neutropenia (19.6%), lymphopenia (10.2%), hypertension (9.3%), and elevated lipase (7.2%).[102] Other potential adverse effects include colitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, and skin toxicities.
Guidelines for monitoring of patients and management of complications are available.[103]
More common in previously instrumented or obstructed biliary systems; treated with antibiotics and biliary drainage.
Biliary leaks can occur in approximately 5% to 10% of complex bile duct anastomoses.
Tumour overgrowth obstructing the biliary tree and requiring repeat resection, surgical bypass, or biliary stenting (percutaneous).
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