Cholangiocarcinoma

Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60:1268-1289.Full text  Abstract

Bowlus CL, Arrivé L, Bergquist A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Feb 1;77(2):659-702.Full text  Abstract

Rushbrook SM, Kendall TJ, Zen Y, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gut. 2023 Dec 7;73(1):16-46.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: biliary tract cancers [internet publication].Full text

Shroff RT, Kennedy EB, Bachini M, et al. Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Biliary Tract Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 20;37(12):1015-1027.Full text  Abstract

1. Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60:1268-1289.Full text  Abstract

2. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. (eds); American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017.

3. Malhi H, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma: modern advances in understanding a deadly old disease. J Hepatol. 2006;45:856-867. Abstract

4. Carriaga MT, Henson DE. Liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and pancreas. Cancer. 1995;75:171-190. Abstract

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7. Bowlus CL, Arrivé L, Bergquist A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Feb 1;77(2):659-702.Full text  Abstract

8. Khan SA, Tavolari S, Brandi G. Cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology and risk factors. Liver Int. 2019 May;39(Suppl 1):19-31.Full text  Abstract

9. Shin HR, Lee CU, Park HJ, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus, Clonorchis sinensis for the risk of liver cancer: a case-control study in Pusan, Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:933-940. Abstract

10. Wiseman K, Buczowski AK, Chung SW, et al. Epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes of choledochal cysts in adults in an urban environment. Am J Surg. 2005;189:527-531. Abstract

11. Chapman RW. Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Ann Oncol. 1999;10 Suppl 4:308-311. Abstract

12. Welzel TM, Mellemkjaer L, Gloria G, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in a low-risk population: a nationwide case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:638-641. Abstract

13. Shaib YH, El Serag HB, Davila JA, et al. Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:620-626. Abstract

14. Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. Primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2006;26:42-51. Abstract

15. Brown DP. Mortality of workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls - an update. Arch Environ Health. 1987;42:333-339. Abstract

16. Lowenfels AB, Norman J. Isoniazid and bile duct cancer. JAMA. 1978;240:434-435. Abstract

17. Yen S, Hsieh CC, Macmahon B. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, past medical history, and oral-contraceptive use. Cancer. 1987;59:2112-2116. Abstract

18. Rubel LR, Ishak KG. Thorotrast-associated cholangiocarcinoma: an epidemiologic and clinicopathologic study. Cancer. 1982;50:1408-1415. Abstract

19. Rashid A. Cellular and molecular biology of biliary tract cancers. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2002;11:995-1009. Abstract

20. Tanaka K, Nishimura A, Yamada K, et al. Cancer of the gallbladder associated with anomalous junction of the pancreatobiliary duct system without bile duct dilatation. Br J Surg. 1993;80:622-624. Abstract

21. Fahrner R, Dennler SG, Inderbitzin D. Risk of malignancy in caroli disease and syndrome: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2020 Aug 21;26(31):4718-28.Full text  Abstract

22. Ahrendt SA, Pitt HA, Nakeeb A, et al. Diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3:357-367. Abstract

23. Shaib YH, El Serag HB, Nooka AK, et al. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:1016-1021. Abstract

24. Goral V. Cholangiocarcinoma: new insights. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017 Jun 25;18(6):1469-73.Full text  Abstract

25. Wilcox CM, Monkemuller KE. Hepatobiliary diseases in patients with AIDS: focus on AIDS cholangiopathy and gallbladder disease. Dig Dis. 1998;16:205-213. Abstract

26. Donato F, Gelatti U, Tagger A, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: a case-control study in Italy. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:959-964. Abstract

27. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Saitoh S, et al. Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Cancer. 2000;88:2471-2477. Abstract

28. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, et al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. Hepatology. 1998;27:311-316. Abstract

29. Labib PL, Goodchild G, Pereira SP. Molecular pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2019 Feb 28;19(1):185.Full text  Abstract

30. Olnes MJ, Erlich R. A review and update on cholangiocarcinoma. Oncology. 2004;66:167-179. Abstract

31. Patel T, Singh P. Cholangiocarcinoma: emerging approaches to a challenging cancer. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2007;23:317-323. Abstract

32. Rushbrook SM, Kendall TJ, Zen Y, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gut. 2023 Dec 7;73(1):16-46.Full text  Abstract

33. Teefey SA, Hildeboldt CC, Dehdashti F, et al. Detection of primary hepatic malignancy in liver transplant candidates: prospective comparison of CT, MR imaging, US, and PET. Radiology. 2003;226:533-542. Abstract

34. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: biliary tract cancers [internet publication].Full text

35. Vanderveen KA, Hussain HK. Magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging. 2004;4:104-115.Full text  Abstract

36. Fujii-Lau LL, Thosani NC, Al-Haddad M, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of malignancy in biliary strictures of undetermined etiology: summary and recommendations. Gastrointest Endosc. 2023 Nov;98(5):685-93.Full text  Abstract

37. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text  Abstract

38. Lan BY, Kwee SA, Wong LL. Positron emission tomography in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies: a review. Am J Surg. 2012;204:232-241. Abstract

39. Washburn WK, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Aggressive surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma. Arch Surg. 1995;130:270-276. Abstract

40. Alvaro D, Bragazzi MC, Benedetti A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in Italy: A national survey on clinical characteristics, diagnostic modalities and treatment. Results from the "Cholangiocarcinoma" committee of the Italian Association for the Study of Liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2011;43(1):60-5. Abstract

41. Patel AH, Harnois DM, Klee GG, et al. The utility of CA 19-9 in the diagnoses of cholangiocarcinoma in patients without primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jan;95(1):204-7. Abstract

42. Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology. 2000;31:7-11. Abstract

43. Farrell RJ, Agarwal B, Brandwein SL, et al. Intraductal US is a useful adjunct to ERCP for distinguishing malignant from benign biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:681-687. Abstract

44. Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Kanazawa S, et al. Parenchymal changes of the liver in cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992;17:161-166. Abstract

45. Magnuson TH, Bender JS, Duncan MD, et al. Utility of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the evaluation of biliary obstruction. J Am Coll Surg. 1999;189:63-71. Abstract

46. Wiersema MJ, Vilmann P, Giovannini M, et al. Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1087-1095. Abstract

47. Allen VB, Gurusamy KS, Takwoingi Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy following computed tomography (CT) scanning for assessing the resectability with curative intent in pancreatic and periampullary cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 6;7:CD009323. Abstract

48. Yeh CN, Jan YY, Yeh TS, et al. Hepatic resection of the intraductal papillary type of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:606-611. Abstract

49. Nakagohri T, Asano T, Kinoshita H, et al. Aggressive surgical resection for hilar-invasive and peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg. 2003;27:289-293. Abstract

50. Isaji S, Kawarada Y, Taoka H, et al. Clinicopathological features and outcome of hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 1999;6:108-116. Abstract

51. Berdah SV, Delpero JR, Garcia S, et al. A western surgical experience of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg. 1996;83:1517-1521. Abstract

52. Chen Y, Zhang B, Liu C, et al. Clinical efficacy of adjuvant treatments for patients with resected biliary tract cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Apr 19;12(4):e051421.Full text  Abstract

53. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatobiliary cancers [internet publication].Full text

54. Primrose JN, Fox RP, Palmer DH, et al. Capecitabine compared with observation in resected biliary tract cancer (BILCAP): a randomised, controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 May;20(5):663-73. Abstract

55. Shroff RT, Kennedy EB, Bachini M, et al. Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Biliary Tract Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 20;37(12):1015-1027.Full text  Abstract

56. Oh DY, Aiwu RH, Qin S, et al. ​Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer. NEJM Evid 2022 Jun 1;1(8).Full text

57. Stewart R, Morrow M, Hammond SA, et al. Identification and characterization of MEDI4736, an antagonistic anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. Cancer Immunol Res. 2015 Sep;3(9):1052-62.Full text  Abstract

58. Oh DY, He AR, Bouattour M, et al. Durvalumab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in participants with advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): updated overall survival from a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024 Aug;9(8):694-704. Abstract

59. Burris HA 3rd, Okusaka T, Vogel A, et al. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer (TOPAZ-1): patient-reported outcomes from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024 May;25(5):626-35. Abstract

60. Apisarnthanarax S, Barry A, Cao M, et al. External beam radiation therapy for primary liver cancers: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):28-51.Full text  Abstract

61. Nimura Y, Hayakawa N, Kamiya J, et al. Hepatic segmentectomy with caudate lobe resection for bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. World J Surg. 1990;14:535-544. Abstract

62. Abbas S, Sandroussi C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of vascular resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2013;15:492-503. Abstract

63. Valle JW, Furuse J, Jitlal M, et al. Cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced biliary tract cancer: a meta-analysis of two randomised trials. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:391-398. Abstract

64. Yang R, Wang B, Chen YJ, et al. Efficacy of gemcitabine plus platinum agents for biliary tract cancers: a meta-analysis. Anticancer Drugs. 2013;24:871-877. Abstract

65. Makuuchi M, Thai BL, Takayasu K, et al. Preoperative portal embolization to increase safety of major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma: a preliminary report. Surgery. 1990;107:521-527. Abstract

66. Nagino M, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, et al. Changes in hepatic lobe volume in biliary tract cancer patients after right portal vein embolization. Hepatology. 1995;21:434-439. Abstract

67. Liu F, Li Y, Wei Y, et al. Preoperative biliary drainage before resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: whether or not? A systematic review. Digest Dis Sci. 2011;56:663-672. Abstract

68. Celotti A, Solaini L, Montori G, et al. Preoperative biliary drainage in hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017 Sep;43(9):1628-35. Abstract

69. Fang Y, Gurusamy KS, Wang Q, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials on safety and efficacy of biliary drainage before surgery for obstructive jaundice. Br J Surg. 2013 Nov;100(12):1589-96. Abstract

70. Mumtaz K, Hamid S, Jafri W. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography with or without stenting in patients with pancreaticobiliary malignancy, prior to surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(3):CD006001. Abstract

71. Dumonceau JM, Tringali A, Papanikolaou IS, et al. Endoscopic biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents, and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline - Updated October 2017. Endoscopy. 2018 Sep;50(9):910-930.Full text  Abstract

72. Elmunzer BJ, Maranki JL, Gómez V, et al. ACG Clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of Biliary Strictures. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Mar 1;118(3):405-26.Full text  Abstract

73. Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, et al. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2001;234:507-519.Full text  Abstract

74. Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S, et al. Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma, Am J Transplant. 2002;2:774-779. Abstract

75. Heimbach JK, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, et al. Liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2004;24:201-207. Abstract

76. Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, et al. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2005;242:451-461.Full text  Abstract

77. Heimbach JK, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, et al. Transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transpl. 2004;10(10 suppl 2):S65-S68. Abstract

78. Lamarca A, Palmer DH, Wasan HS, et al. Second-line FOLFOX chemotherapy versus active symptom control for advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-06): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 May;22(5):690-701.Full text  Abstract

79. Urego M, Flickinger JC, Carr BI. Radiotherapy and multimodality management of cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:121-126. Abstract

80. Ray CE Jr, Edwards A, Smith MT, et al. Metaanalysis of survival, complications, and imaging response following chemotherapy-based transarterial therapy in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24:1218-1226.Full text  Abstract

81. Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, et al. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Jun 3;401(10391):1853-65.Full text  Abstract

82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Durvalumab with gemcitabine and cisplatin for treating unresectable or advanced biliary tract cancer. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

83. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Selective internal radiation therapy for unresectable primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

84. ClinicalTrials.gov. Gemcitabine and cisplatin with or without CPI-613 as first line therapy for patients with advanced unresectable biliary tract cancer (BilT-04). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04203160. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

85. Pape U‐F, Kasper S, Meiler J, et al. Randomized phase II trial of the carboxylesterase (CES)-converted novel drug EDO-S7.1 in patients (pts) with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTC). J Clin Oncol. 2019 Feb 1;37(4 suppl):264Full text

86. Javle M, Roychowdhury S, Kelley RK, et al. Infigratinib (BGJ398) in previously treated patients with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements: mature results from a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Oct;6(10):803-15.Full text  Abstract

87. Goyal L, Meric-Bernstam F, Hollebecque A, et al. Futibatinib for FGFR2-rearranged intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 19;388(3):228-39.Full text  Abstract

88. ClinicalTrials.gov. Futibatinib Versus Gemcitabine-Cisplatin Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment of Patients With Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma Harboring FGFR2 Gene Rearrangements (FOENIX-CCA3). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04093362. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

89. Guo Y, Yuan C, Ying J, et al. Phase I result of ICP-192 (gunagratinib), a highly selective irreversible FGFR inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors harboring FGFR pathway alterations. J Clin Oncol. 2021 May 20;39(15 suppl):4092.Full text

90. ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical study of ICP-192 in solid tumors patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03758664. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

91. Guo Y, Yuan C, Ding W, et al. Gunagratinib, a highly selective irreversible FGFR inhibitor, in patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring FGFR pathway alterations: a phase IIa dose-expansion study. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jan 24;41(4 suppl):572.Full text

92. Correction to Lancet Oncol 2020; 21: 796-807. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Oct;21(10):e462.Full text  Abstract

93. Zhu AX, Macarulla T, Javle MM, et al. Final overall survival efficacy results of ivosidenib for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with IDH1 mutation: the phase 3 randomized clinical ClarIDHy trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Nov 1;7(11):1669-77.Full text  Abstract

94. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ivosidenib for treating advanced cholangiocarcinoma with an IDH1 R132 mutation after 1 or more systemic treatments. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

95. Abou-Alfa GK, Sahai V, Hollebecque A, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020 May;21(5):671-84. Abstract

96. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Pemigatinib for treating relapsed or refractory advanced cholangiocarcinoma with FGFR2 fusion or rearrangement. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

97. Harding JJ, Fan J, Oh DY, et al. Zanidatamab for HER2-amplified, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (HERIZON-BTC-01): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2b study. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Jul;24(7):772-82. Abstract

98. Borad MJ, Bai LY, Richards D, et al. Silmitasertib plus gemcitabine and cisplatin first-line therapy in locally advanced/metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a Phase 1b/2 study. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):760-73. Abstract

99. Sommerhalder D, Piha-Paul S A, Pelster M, et al. A phase 1/2, first-in-human trial of ZB131, a novel antibody targeting cancer-specific plectin (CSP) in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2023 May 31;14 (16 suppl):3083.Full text

100. Furuse J, Okusaka T, Funakoshi A, et al. Early phase II study of uracil-tegafur plus doxorubicin in patients with unresectable advanced biliary tract cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006;36:552-556. Abstract

101. Meyer CG, Penn I, James L. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma results in 207 patients. Transplantation. 2000;69:1633-1637. Abstract

102. Zhou X, Yao Z, Bai H, et al. Treatment-related adverse events of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor-based combination therapies in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Sep;22(9):1265-74. Abstract

103. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: management of immunotherapy-related toxicities [internet publication].Full text