HIV in adults

World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text

US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

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2. World Health Organization. HIV/AIDS: online QA. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Full text

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6. Hemelaar J, Elangovan R, Yun J, et al. Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 30. pii: S1473-3099(18)30647-9. Abstract

7. Yamaguchi J, McArthur C, Vallari A, et al. Complete genome sequence of CG-0018a-01 establishes HIV-1 subtype L. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020 Mar 1;83(3):319-22. Abstract

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9. Gottlieb GS, Raugi DN, Smith RA. 90-90-90 for HIV-2? Ending the HIV-2 epidemic by enhancing care and clinical management of patients infected with HIV-2. Lancet HIV. 2018 Jul;5(7):e390-9. Abstract

10. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.​ 2024 global AIDS report - the urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads. Jul 2024 [internet publication].Full text

11. Li Z, Purcell DW, Sansom SL, et al. Vital signs: HIV transmission along the continuum of care - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar 22;68(11):267-72.Full text  Abstract

12. UK Health Security Agency. HIV testing, PrEP, new HIV diagnoses, and care outcomes for people accessing HIV services: 2024 report. Oct 2024 [internet publication].​Full text

13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2023 (2022 data). Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2018-2022. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated annual number of HIV infections - United States, 1981-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly. 2021 Jun 4:70(22);801-6.Full text

16. Nyamweya S, Hegedus A, Jaye A, et al. Comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection: lessons for viral immunopathogenesis. Rev Med Virol. 2013 Jul;23(4):221-40. Abstract

17. Pope M, Hause AT. Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest to prevent infection. Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):847-52. Abstract

18. Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT, et al. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014 Jun 19;28(10):1509-19.Full text  Abstract

19. Gupta R, Hill A, Sawyer AW, et al. Emergence of drug resistance in HIV type 1-infected patients after receipt of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 1;47(5):712-22.Full text  Abstract

20. Morris L, Cilliers T. Viral structure, replication, tropism, pathogenesis and natural history. In: Abdool Karim SS, Abdool Karim Q, eds. HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Cambridge University Press; 2005:79-89.

21. Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, et al. Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex Transm Dis. 2002 Jan;29(1):38-43. Abstract

22. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples. BMJ. 1992 Mar 28;304(6830):809-13.Full text  Abstract

23. Jin F, Jansson J, Law M, et al. Per-contact probability of HIV transmission in homosexual men in Sydney in the era of HAART. AIDS. 2010 Mar 27;24(6):907-13.Full text  Abstract

24. Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;9(2):118-29.Full text  Abstract

25. Lee K, Trujillo L, Olansky E, et al. Factors associated with use of HIV prevention and health care among transgender women - seven urban areas, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 May 20;71(20):673-9.Full text  Abstract

26. Jones HS, Anderson RL, Cust H, et al. HIV incidence among women engaging in sex work in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Aug;12(8):e1244-60.Full text  Abstract

27. Kaplan EH, Heimer R. HIV incidence among New Haven needle exchange participants: updated estimates from syringe tracking and testing data. J Acquir Immune Def Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995 Oct 1;10(2):175-6. Abstract

28. Artenie A, Stone J, Fraser H, et al. Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Mar 27;S2468-1253(23)00018-3.Full text  Abstract

29. Farhadian N, Karami Matin B, Farnia V, et al. The prevalence of people who inject drugs among those with HIV late presentation: a meta-analysis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2022 Feb 10;17(1):11.Full text  Abstract

30. Arum C, Fraser H, Artenie AA, et al. Homelessness, unstable housing, and risk of HIV and hepatitis C virus acquisition among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021 May;6(5):e309-23.Full text  Abstract

31. Ward H, Rönn M. Contribution of sexually transmitted infections to the sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010 Jul;5(4):305-10.Full text  Abstract

32. Malekinejad M, Barker EK, Merai R, et al. Risk of HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men infected with bacterial sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2021 Oct 1;48(10):e138-48.Full text  Abstract

33. Looker KJ, Elmes JAR, Gottlieb SL, et al. Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Dec;17(12):1303-16.Full text  Abstract

34. Looker KJ, Welton NJ, Sabin KM, et al. Global and regional estimates of the contribution of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection to HIV incidence: a population attributable fraction analysis using published epidemiological data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb;20(2):240-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Bell DM. Occupational risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: an overview. Am J Med. 1997 May 19;102(5B):9-15. Abstract

36. Polis CB, Curtis KM, Hannaford PC, et al. An updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence on hormonal contraceptive methods and HIV acquisition in women. AIDS. 2016 Nov 13;30(17):2665-83.Full text  Abstract

37. World Health Organization. Contraceptive eligibility for women at high risk of HIV: guidance statement - recommendations on contraceptive methods used by women at high risk of HIV. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

38. Stadelman-Behar AM, Gehre MN, Atallah L, et al. Investigation of presumptive HIV transmission associated with receipt of platelet-rich plasma microneedling facials at a spa among former spa clients - New Mexico, 2018-2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 Apr 25;73(16):372-6.Full text  Abstract

39. Marfatia YS, Pandya I, Mehta K. Condoms: Past, present, and future. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2015 Jul-Dec;36(2):133-9.Full text  Abstract

40. Hanum N, Cambiano V, Sewell J, et al. Use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in England: data from the AURAH2 prospective study. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Sep;5(9):e501-11.Full text  Abstract

41. Finlayson T, Cha S, Xia M, et al; National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Study Group. Changes in HIV preexposure prophylaxis awareness and use among men who have sex with men - 20 urban areas, 2014 and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jul 12;68(27):597-603.Full text  Abstract

42. Riddell J 4th, Amico KR, Mayer KH. HIV preexposure prophylaxis: a review. JAMA. 2018 Mar 27;319(12):1261-8. Abstract

43. O Murchu E, Marshall L, Teljeur C, et al. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open. 2022 May 11;12(5):e048478.Full text  Abstract

44. Jourdain H, de Gage SB, Desplas D, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis in men at high risk of HIV infection in France: a nested case-control study. Lancet Public Health. 2022 Jun;7(6):e529-36.Full text  Abstract

45. Sullivan AK, Saunders J, Desai M, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and its implementation in the PrEP impact trial in England: a pragmatic health technology assessment. Lancet HIV. 2023 Dec;10(12):e790-806.Full text  Abstract

46. Chou R, Spencer H, Bougatsos C, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2023 Aug 22;330(8):746-63.Full text  Abstract

47. Delaugerre C, Rodriguez C, Capitant C, et al. Drug resistance among patients who acquired HIV infection in a preexposure prophylaxis trial. AIDS. 2018;32(16):2353-61. Abstract

48. World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Sep 2015 [internet publication].Full text

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States - 2021 update: a clinical practice guideline. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

50. Wohl DA, Spinner CD, Flamm J, et al. HIV-1 infection kinetics, drug resistance, and long-term safety of pre-exposure prophylaxis with emtricitabine plus tenofovir alafenamide (DISCOVER): week 144 open-label extension of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2024 Aug;11(8):e508-21. Abstract

51. Bekker LG, Das M, Abdool Karim Q, et al. Twice-yearly lenacapavir or daily F/TAF for HIV prevention in cisgender women. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 3;391(13):1179-92. Abstract

52. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice advisory to committee opinion no. 595: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus​. Jun 2022 (reaffirmed in 2024) [internet publication].Full text

53. US Preventive Services Task Force. Recommendation: prevention of acquisition of HIV: preexposure prophylaxis. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

54. Holt M, Lea T, Mao L, et al. Community-level changes in condom use and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis by gay and bisexual men in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia: results of repeated behavioural surveillance in 2013-17. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e448-56. Abstract

55. Hart TA, Noor SW, Berlin GW, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among gay and bisexual men. Sex Transm Infect. 2023 May;99(3):167-72.Full text  Abstract

56. Bachmann LH, Barbee LA, Chan P, et al. CDC clinical guidelines on the use of doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis for bacterial sexually transmitted infection prevention, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2024 Jun 6;73(2):1-8.Full text  Abstract

57. Cohen SE, Sachdev D, Lee SA, et al. Acquisition of tenofovir-susceptible, emtricitabine-resistant HIV despite high adherence to daily pre-exposure prophylaxis: a case report. Lancet HIV. 2018 Nov 29 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

58. Tumarkin E, Siedner MJ, Bogoch II. The BMJ 10-minute consultation: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). BMJ. 2019 Jan 17;364:k4681.

59. Rachman BE, Khairunisa SQ, Wungu CDK, et al. Low clinical impact of HIV drug resistance mutations in oral pre-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Ther. 2024 Jun 6;21(1):37.Full text  Abstract

60. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first injectable treatment for HIV pre-exposure prevention. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

61. Marshall BDL, Goedel WC, King MRF, et al. Potential effectiveness of long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men: a modelling study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Sep;5(9):e498-505.Full text  Abstract

62. Landovitz RJ, Hanscom BS, Clement ME, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting cabotegravir compared with daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine to prevent HIV infection in cisgender men and transgender women who have sex with men 1 year after study unblinding: a secondary analysis of the phase 2b and 3 HPTN 083 randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2023 Dec;10(12):e767-78.Full text  Abstract

63. Fonner VA, Ridgeway K, van der Straten A, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-acting injectable cabotegravir as preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV acquisition. AIDS. 2023 May 1;37(6):957-66.Full text  Abstract

64. World Health Organization. Guidelines on long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention. Jul 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

65. Antoni G, Tremblay C, Delaugerre C, et al. On-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus emtricitabine among men who have sex with men with less frequent sexual intercourse: a post-hoc analysis of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet HIV. 2020 Feb;7(2):e113-20. Abstract

66. Lattré T, Van Holder C. Revisiting the functional severity scale of the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire, a comment concerning the use of digital communication technology. Muscle Nerve. 2021 Jun;63(6):E57-8.Full text  Abstract

67. Musekiwa A, Fernando NB, Abariga SA. Effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing HIV transmission. Trop Med Int Health. 2020 Jul;25(7):790-802.Full text  Abstract

68. Nel A, van Niekerk N, Kapiga S, et al. Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 1;375(22):2133-43.Full text  Abstract

69. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

70. Anglemyer A, Rutherford GW, Horvath T, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV-discordant couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD009153.Full text  Abstract

71. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):493-505.Full text  Abstract

72. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al; PARTNER Study Group. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016 Jul 12;316(2):171-81.Full text  Abstract

73. Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, et al; Opposites Attract Study Group. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug;5(8):e438-47. Abstract

74. PARTNER Study Group. HIV transmission risk through condomless sex in gay couples with suppressive ART: the PARTNER2 Study extended results in gay men. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

75. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al; PARTNER Study Group. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet. 2019 Jun 15;393(10189):2428-38.Full text  Abstract

76. LeMessurier J, Traversy G, Varsaneux O, et al. Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review. CMAJ. 2018 Nov 19;190(46):E1350-60.Full text  Abstract

77. Broyles LN, Luo R, Boeras D, et al. The risk of sexual transmission of HIV in individuals with low-level HIV viraemia: a systematic review. Lancet. 2023 Aug 5;402(10400):464-71.Full text  Abstract

78. US Department of Health and Human Services Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Sep 2024 [internet publication].Full text

79. Sharma SC, Raison N, Khan S, et al. Male circumcision for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2018 Apr;121(4):515-26.Full text  Abstract

80. Yuan T, Fitzpatrick T, Ko NY, et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob Health. 2019 Apr;7(4):e436-47.Full text  Abstract

81. Farley TM, Samuelson J, Grabowski MK, et al. Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020 Jun;23(6):e25490.Full text  Abstract

82. Delany-Moretlwe S, Gray G, Kagee A, et al. AIDS prevention in South Africa. South Afr J HIV Med. 2006;23:13-7.

83. Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Saxena A, et al. HIV vaccine: recent advances, current roadblocks, and future directions. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:560347.Full text  Abstract

84. Leal L, Lucero C, Gatell JM, et al. New challenges in therapeutic vaccines against HIV infection. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017 Jun;16(6):587-600. Abstract

85. Baden LR, Stieh DJ, Sarnecki M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of two heterologous HIV vaccine regimens in healthy, HIV-uninfected adults (TRAVERSE): a randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 1/2a study. Lancet HIV. 2020 Oct;7(10):e688-98.Full text  Abstract

86. Gbadamosi SO, Trepka MJ, Dawit R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the time from HIV infection to diagnosis for people with HIV. AIDS Rev. 2022 Mar 1;24(1):32-40.Full text  Abstract

87. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Jun 2014 [internet publication].Full text

88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection: United States, 2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-03):1-10.Full text  Abstract

89. World Health Organization. WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2007 [internet publication].Full text

90. World Health Organization, UNAIDS. WHO, UNAIDS statement on HIV testing services: new opportunities and ongoing challenges. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text

91. Horberg M, Thompson M, Agwu AL, et al. Primary care guidance for providers who care for persons with human immunodeficiency virus: 2024 update by HIVMA/IDSA. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Oct 6:ciae479.Full text

92. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018 quick reference guide: recommended laboratory HIV testing algorithm for serum or plasma specimens. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text

94. Pandori MW, Westheimer E, Gay C, et al. The multispot rapid HIV-1/HIV-2 differentiation assay is comparable with the Western blot and an immunofluorescence assay at confirming HIV infection in a prospective study in three regions of the United States. J Clin Virol. 2013 Dec;58(suppl 1):e92-6.Full text  Abstract

95. World Health Organization. WHO recommends HIV self-testing – evidence update and considerations for success. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text

96. World Health Organization. WHO recommends optimizing HIV testing services​. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

97. World Health Organization. Guidelines for managing advanced HIV disease and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text

98. Jeong SJ, Kim MH, Song JE, et al. Prospective comparison of qualitative versus quantitative polymerase chain reaction for monitoring virologic treatment failure in HIV-infected patients.​ AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2014 Jul;30(8).

99. ClinicalTrials.gov. Point‐of‐care viral load tests to detect high HIV viral load in people living with HIV/AIDS attending health facilities. Mar 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

100. World Health Organization. HIV drug resistance - brief report 2024. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

101. Shepher J, Quinn T. Laboratory testing for HIV infection. In: Volberding P, Sande M, Lange J, et al., eds. Global HIV/AIDS medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008:101-7.

102. Deeks SG, Gange SJ, Kitahata MM, et al. Trends in multidrug treatment failure and subsequent mortality among antiretroviral therapy-experienced patients with HIV infection in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 15;49(10):1582-90.Full text  Abstract

103. Aves T, Tambe J, Siemieniuk RA, et al. Antiretroviral resistance testing in HIV-positive people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 9;(11):CD006495.Full text  Abstract

104. Julian T, Rekatsina M, Shafique F, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Apr;28(4):1420-31. Abstract

105. Food and Drug Administration. ​Determine HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab combo. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

106. Ochodo EA, Olwanda EE, Deeks JJ, et al. Point‐of‐care viral load tests to detect high HIV viral load in people living with HIV/AIDS attending health facilities. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Mar 10;3(3):CD013208.Full text  Abstract

107. World Health Organization. WHO manual for HIV drug resistance testing using dried blood spot specimens. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

108. Marchionatti A, Parisi MM. Anemia and thrombocytopenia in people living with HIV/AIDS: a narrative literature review. Int Health. 2021 Feb 24;13(2):98-109.Full text  Abstract

109. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Sep 22;55(RR-14):1-17;quiz CE1-4.Full text  Abstract

110. DiNenno EA, Prejean J, Irwin K, et al. Recommendations for HIV screening of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Aug 11;66(31):830-2.Full text  Abstract

111. Pitasi MA, Oraka E, Clark H, et al. HIV testing among transgender women and men - 27 states and Guam, 2014-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Aug 25;66(33):883-7.Full text  Abstract

112. Pitasi MA, Delaney KP, Oraka E, et al. Interval since last HIV test for men and women with recent risk for HIV infection - United States, 2006-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 22;67(24):677-81.Full text  Abstract

113. US Preventive Services Task Force, Owens DK, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2326-36.Full text  Abstract

114. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.​ Routine human immunodeficiency virus screening. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

115. The Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania and Trinidad: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Jul 8;356(9224):103-12. Abstract

116. Smith R, Villanueva G, Probyn K, et al. Accuracy of measures for antiretroviral adherence in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jul 25;7(7):CD013080.Full text  Abstract

117. Grobler L, Siegfried N, Visser ME, et al. Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD004536.Full text  Abstract

118. Olsen MF, Abdissa A, Kaestel P, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation for HIV patients starting antiretroviral treatment: randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. BMJ. 2014 May 15;348:g3187.Full text  Abstract

119. Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, et al. Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 18;(5):CD003650.Full text  Abstract

120. Teixeira NDSCCA, Pereira BM, Oliveira IKF, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on HIV-infected adults: a systematic review. Nutr Hosp. 2019 Oct 17;36(5):1205-12.Full text  Abstract

121. Muzembo BA, Ngatu NR, Januka K, et al. Selenium supplementation in HIV-infected individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019 Dec;34:1-7.Full text  Abstract

122. Pourmoradian S, Rezazadeh L, Tutunchi H, et al. Selenium and zinc supplementation in HIV-infected patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024 Apr;94(2):153-9.Full text  Abstract

123. Morvaridzadeh M, Sepidarkish M, Yavari M, et al. The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine. 2020 Dec;136:155298.Full text  Abstract

124. US Department of Health and Human Services. HIV and immunizations. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

125. Grinspoon SK, Fitch KV, Zanni MV, et al. Pitavastatin to prevent cardiovascular disease in HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2023 Aug 24;389(8):687-99.Full text  Abstract

126. British HIV Association. ​BHIVA rapid guidance on the use of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

127. Feinstein MJ, Achenbach CJ, Stone NJ, et al. A systematic review of the usefulness of statin therapy in HIV-infected patients. Am J Cardiol. 2015 Jun 15;115(12):1760-6. Abstract

128. Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 27;373(9):795-807.Full text  Abstract

129. Mateo-Urdiales A, Johnson S, Smith R, et al. Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 17;(6):CD012962.Full text  Abstract

130. Feng Q, Zhou A, Zou H, et al. Quadruple versus triple combination antiretroviral therapies for treatment naive people with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Jul 8;366:l4179.Full text  Abstract

131. National Institute for Health Research. NIHR Signal: Four-drug treatment for HIV offers no benefit over standard three-drug treatment. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

132. Chivite I, Berrocal L, de Lazzari E, et al. Effectiveness, safety and discontinuation rates of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) in people with HIV using real-world data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2024 Aug 1;79(8):1775-83. Abstract

133. Evitt LA, Nanji S, Grove RA, et al. An indirect comparison of 144-week efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dolutegravir plus lamivudine and second-generation integrase inhibitor-based, 3-drug, single-tablet regimens in therapy-naive people with HIV-1. AIDS Res Ther. 2023 Mar 22;20(1):17.Full text  Abstract

134. World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on first-line and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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