Images and videos

Images

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Frailty

Kaplan-Meier plot showing differences in mortality. The figure shows mortality (age and gender adjusted) in frail and non-frail individuals. Mean time at risk was 262.3 days, median 238 days

Hoffmann S et al. BMJ Open 2020 Oct 28;10(10):e038768; used with permission

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Frailty

Clinical Frailty Scale

Adapted from ​Dalhousie University. Clinical Frailty Scale version 2.0. 2020; used with permission

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Frailty

Sit up, get dressed, Keep moving

British Geriatrics Society. ‘Sit Up, Get Dressed and Keep Moving!’. Jul 2020 [internet publication] ​[https://www.bgs.org.uk]; used with permission

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Frailty

Vulnerability of frail older people to a sudden change in health status following a minor illness. The green line represents a fit older person who, following a minor stress such as an infection, experiences a relatively small deterioration in function and then returns to homeostasis. The red line represents a frail older person who, following a similar stress, experiences a larger deterioration which may manifest as functional dependency and who does not return to baseline homeostasis

Clegg A et al. Lancet 2013 Mar 2;381(9868):752-62; used with permission

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Frailty

Health benefits of physical activity

NHS RightCare. Falls and Fragility Fractures Pathway. Nov 2017 [internet publication] [https://www.england.nhs.uk/rightcare]; used with permission

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Frailty

Medications that may need to be stopped (adapted from BMJ Learning module on frailty)

Created by BMJ Learning; used with permission

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Frailty

Venn diagram displaying the overlap in prevalence (%) between frailty, multimorbidity and disability

Adapted from Aarts S et al. J Frailty Aging 2015;4(3):131-8; used with permission

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Frailty

Cascade of functional decline from independence through frailty to disability

Dent, E et al. J Nutr Health Aging 23, 771–87 (2019) [based on concepts and findings from other studies]; used with permission

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Frailty

Integration of care services over a life course (FA: functional ability, IC: intrinsic capacity)

Cesari M et al. BMJ Global Health 2022;7:e007778; used with permission

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Frailty

British Geriatrics Society Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)

British Geriatrics Society. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment Toolkit for Primary Care Practitioners. Jan 2019 [internet publication] [https://www.bgs.org.uk]; used with permission

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Frailty

Stages of living with frailty

Created by BMJ Knowledge Centre

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Frailty

Department of health guidance on physical activity for adults and older adults: 19 and over

Department of Health and Social Care, 2019. Physical activity for adults and older adults: 19 and over; used with permission

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Frailty

PRISMA-7. Yes-answers are given one point each; No-answers are given zero points. A score of three or above indicates frailty

Hoffmann S et al. BMJ Open 2020;10:e038768; used with permission

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Frailty

The frailty cycle; VO2 = volume of oxygen utilisation

Adapted from Fried L et al. Frailty and failure to thrive. Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology 2003 5th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill; used with permission

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Frailty

National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) is an early warning score produced by the Royal College of Physicians in the UK. It is based on the assessment of six individual parameters, which are assigned a score of between 0 and 3: respiratory rate, oxygen saturations, temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and level of consciousness. There are different scales for oxygen saturation levels based on a patient’s physiological target (with scale 2 being used for patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure). The score is then aggregated to give a final total score; the higher the score, the higher the risk of clinical deterioration

Reproduced from: Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Updated report of a working party. London: RCP, 2017.

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Frailty

Example of a ReSPECT form

Resuscitation Council UK: ReSPECT for healthcare professionals; used with permission

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