Hepatitis C

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Lingala S, Ghany MG. Natural history of hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2015 Dec;44(4):717-34. Abstract

2. Dultz G, Zeuzem S. Hepatitis C virus: a European perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2015 Dec;44(4):807-24. Abstract

3. Dan YY, Lim SG. Hepatitis C: an Eastern perspective. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2015 Dec;44(4):793-805. Abstract

4. Hedskog C, Parhy B, Chang S, et al. Identification of 19 novel hepatitis C virus subtypes - further expanding HCV classification. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 22;6(3):ofz076.Full text  Abstract

5. Hoofnagle JH. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology. 1997 Sep;26(3 Suppl 1):15-20S. Abstract

6. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al; The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 31;327(27):1899-905. Abstract

7. World Health Organization. Fact sheets: hepatitis C. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

8. World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

9. Alberts CJ, Clifford GM, Georges D, et al. Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;7(8):724-35.Full text  Abstract

10. Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2015 Jan;61(1):77-87.Full text  Abstract

11. Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, et al. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 2014 Nov;61(1 Suppl):S45-57.Full text  Abstract

12. Nouroz F, Shaheen S, Mujtaba G, et al. An overview on hepatitis C virus genotypes and its control. Egypt J Med Hum Gen. 2015 Oct;16(4):291-8.Full text

13. Brzdęk M, Dobrowolska K, Flisiak R, et al. Genotype 4 hepatitis C virus-a review of a diverse genotype. Adv Med Sci. 2023 Mar;68(1):54-9. Abstract

14. Ryerson AB, Schillie S, Barker LK, et al. Vital signs: newly reported acute and chronic hepatitis C cases - United States, 2009-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 10;69(14):399-404.Full text  Abstract

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C surveillance. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

16. UK Health Security Agency. Hepatitis C in England and the UK. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

17. World Health Organization. Hepatitis C - global prevalence (update). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1999 Dec 10;74(49):425-7.Full text  Abstract

18. GBD 2019 Europe Hepatitis B & C Collaborators. Hepatitis B and C in Europe: an update from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Public Health. 2023 Sep;8(9):e701-16.Full text  Abstract

19. Mahowald MK, Larney S, Zaller ND, et al. Characterizing the burden of hepatitis C infection among entrants to Pennsylvania state prisons, 2004 to 2012. J Correct Health Care. 2016 Jan;22(1):41-5.Full text  Abstract

20. Jin F, Dore GJ, Matthews G, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jan;6(1):39-56. Abstract

21. Ly KN, Jiles RB, Teshale EH, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection among reproductive-aged women and children in the United States, 2006 to 2014. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jun 6;166(11):775-82. Abstract

22. Dugan E, Blach S, Biondi M, et al. Global prevalence of hepatitis C virus in women of childbearing age in 2019: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Mar;6(3):169-84.Full text  Abstract

23. Platt L, Easterbrook P, Gower E, et al. Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Jul;16(7):797-808. Abstract

24. Wasley A, Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C: geographic differences and temporal trends. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20(1):1-16. Abstract

25. O' Kane R, Hathorn E. Hepatitis C: recent advances and practical management. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2023;14(5):415-21.Full text  Abstract

26. Alter MJ. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S93-8. Abstract

27. Indolfi G, Nesi A, Resti M. Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Med Virol. 2013 Apr;85(4):608-14. Abstract

28. Varol M, Licka Dieye N, Zang M, et al. Hepatitis C virus exposure and infection in the perinatal period. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2022;19(1):21-33. Abstract

29. Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jul;125(1):80-8. Abstract

30. Pawlotsky JM. Pathophysiology of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Trends Microbiol. 2004 Feb;12(2):96-102. Abstract

31. Smith JA, Aberle JH, Fleming VM, et al. Dynamic coinfection with multiple viral subtypes in acute hepatitis C. J Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;202(12):1770-9. Abstract

32. World Health Organization. WHO best practices for injections and related procedures toolkit. Mar 2010 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

33. Henriot P, Castry M, Luong Nguyen LB, et al. Meta-analysis: risk of hepatitis C virus infection associated with hospital-based invasive procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Aug;56(4):558-69.Full text  Abstract

34. Artenie A, Trickey A, Looker KJ, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence among people who inject drugs and number of new annual HCV infections attributable to injecting drug use: a multi-stage analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025 Feb 21[Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

35. Garfein RS, Vlahov D, Galai N, et al. Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. Am J Public Health. 1996 May;86(5):655-61.Full text  Abstract

36. Artenie A, Stone J, Fraser H, et al. Incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs, and associations with age and sex or gender: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;8(6):533-52.Full text  Abstract

37. Platt L, Minozzi S, Reed J, et al. Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 18;(9):CD012021.Full text  Abstract

38. Pomper GJ, Wu Y, Snyder EL. Risks of transfusion-transmitted infections: 2003. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003 Nov;10(6):412-8. Abstract

39. Thomas DL, Thio CL, Martin MP, et al. Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):798-801. Abstract

40. Pearlman BL. Hepatitis C virus infection in African Americans. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 1;42(1):82-91. Abstract

41. Aisyah DN, Shallcross L, Hully AJ, et al. Assessing hepatitis C spontaneous clearance and understanding associated factors - a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2018 Jun;25(6):680-98. Abstract

42. Jin F, Matthews GV, Grulich AE. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among gay and bisexual men: a systematic review. Sex Health. 2017 Feb;14(1):28-41. Abstract

43. Busschots D, Kremer C, Bielen R, et al. Hepatitis C prevalence in incarcerated settings between 2013-2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022 Nov 24;22(1):2159.Full text  Abstract

44. Ahmadi Gharaei H, Fararouei M, Mirzazadeh A, et al. The global and regional prevalence of hepatitis C and B co-infections among prisoners living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021 Jul 1;10(1):93.Full text  Abstract

45. Finelli L, Miller JT, Tokars JI, et al. National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 2002. Semin Dial. 2005 Jan-Feb;18(1):52-61. Abstract

46. Kenfack-Momo R, Ngounoue MD, Kenmoe S, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024;19(2):e0284169.Full text  Abstract

47. Fabrizi F, Messa P. Transmission of hepatitis C virus in dialysis units: a systematic review of reports on outbreaks. Int J Artif Organs. 2015 Sep;38(9):471-80. Abstract

48. Puro V, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G; Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infections. Risk of hepatitis C seroconversion after occupational exposures in health care workers. Am J Infect Control. 1995 Oct;23(5):273-7. Abstract

49. Jafari S, Copes R, Baharlou S, et al. Tattooing and the risk of transmission of hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Nov;14(11):e928-40. Abstract

50. Yang S, Wang D, Zhang Y, et al. Transmission of hepatitis B and C virus infection through body piercing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Nov;94(47):e1893.Full text  Abstract

51. Hyun MH, Kim JH, Jang JW, et al. Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission through acupuncture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2023 Sep 25;82(3):127-36.Full text  Abstract

52. Stroffolini T, Lorenzoni U, Menniti-Ippolito F, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in spouses: sexual transmission or common exposure to the same risk factors? Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Nov;96(11):3138-41. Abstract

53. Terrault NA, Dodge JL, Murphy EL, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study. Hepatology. 2013 Mar;57(3):881-9.Full text  Abstract

54. Yeung LT, King SM, Roberts EA. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2001 Aug;34(2):223-9. Abstract

55. Deng S, Zhong W, Chen W, et al. Hepatitis C viral load and mother-to-child transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Feb;38(2):177-86.Full text  Abstract

56. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.​ Clinical practice guideline no:6. viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

57. Seeff LB. Natural history of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997 Sep;26(3 Suppl 1):21-8S. Abstract

58. Udomsinprasert W, Jittikoon J, Sukkho S, et al. Decreased circulating vitamin D reflects adverse outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020 Oct;81(4):585-99. Abstract

59. Hagan H, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, et al. Reduced risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among injection drug users in the Tacoma Syringe Exchange Program. Am J Public Health. 1995 Nov;85(11):1531-7.Full text  Abstract

60. Palmateer N, Hamill V, Bergenstrom A, et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: latest evidence of effectiveness from a systematic review (2011 to 2020). Int J Drug Policy. 2022 Nov;109:103872.Full text  Abstract

61. Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, et al. Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology. 1999 Mar;29(3):908-14. Abstract

62. Alter HJ, Seeff LB. Recovery, persistence, and sequelae in hepatitis C virus infection: a perspective on long-term outcome. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20:17-35. Abstract

63. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: management of hepatitis C: 2002 - June 10-12, 2002. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S3-20. Abstract

64. Hézode C, Zafrani ES, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Daily cannabis use: a novel risk factor of steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2008 Feb;134(2):432-9.Full text  Abstract

65. Ishida JH, Peters MG, Jin C, et al. Influence of cannabis use on severity of hepatitis C disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jan;6(1):69-75.Full text  Abstract

66. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

67. World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on simplified service delivery and diagnostics for hepatitis C infection. Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

68. World Health Organization. Recommendations and guidance on hepatitis C virus self-testing. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

69. Shaheen AA, Wan AF, Myers RP. FibroTest and FibroScan for the prediction of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov;102(11):2589-600. Abstract

70. Sterling RK, Patel K, Duarte-Rojo A, et al. AASLD practice guideline on blood-based noninvasive liver disease assessment of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. Hepatology. 2025 Jan 1;81(1):321-57.Full text  Abstract

71. Sterling RK, Duarte-Rojo A, Patel K, et al. AASLD Practice Guideline on imaging-based noninvasive liver disease assessment of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. Hepatology. 2025 Feb 1;81(2):672-724.Full text  Abstract

72. Calvaruso V, Cammà C, Di Marco V, et al. Fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C: analysis of discordance between transient elastography and liver biopsy. J Viral Hepat. 2010 Jul;17(7):469-74. Abstract

73. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The OraQuick HCV point‑of‑care test for rapid detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies. Mar 2015 [internet publication].Full text

74. Ying HY, Lu LG, Jing DD, et al. Accuracy of transient elastography in the assessment of chronic hepatitis C-related liver cirrhosis. Clin Invest Med. 2016 Oct 14;39(5):E150-60. Abstract

75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C, acute 2020 case definition. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C, chronic 2020 case definition. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

77. Public Health England. Public Health England encourages hepatitis C testing. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text

78. Galbraith JW, Anderson ES, Hsieh YH, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C infection among adult patients at four urban emergency departments - Birmingham, Oakland, Baltimore, and Boston, 2015-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 May 15;69(19):569-74.Full text  Abstract

79. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020 Mar 2;323(10):970-5.Full text  Abstract

80. Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, et al. CDC recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults - United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Apr 10;69(2):1-17.Full text  Abstract

81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis refugee health domestic guidance. Jan 2025 [internet publication].Full text

82. Marks K, Naggie S. Management of hepatitis C in 2019. JAMA. 2019 May 17;322(4):355-6. Abstract

83. Jakobsen JC, Nielsen EE, Feinberg J, et al. Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 18;(9):CD012143.Full text  Abstract

84. Powderly WG, Naggie S, Kim AY, et al. IDSA/AASLD response to Cochrane review on direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 1;65(11):1773-5.Full text  Abstract

85. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Response to the Cochrane systematic review on DAA-based treatment of chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2017 Oct;67(4):663-4. Abstract

86. Jakobsen JC, Nielsen EE, Koretz RL, et al. Do direct acting antivirals cure chronic hepatitis C? BMJ. 2018 May 10;361:k1382. Abstract

87. Ogawa E, Chien N, Kam L, et al. Association of direct-acting antiviral therapy with liver and nonliver complications and long-term mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis C. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Feb 1;183(2):97-105.Full text  Abstract

88. Carrat F, Fontaine H, Dorival C, et al; French ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort. Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C after direct-acting antiviral treatment: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2019 Feb 11;393(10179):1453-64. Abstract

89. Mendizabal M, Piñero F, Ridruejo E, et al. Disease progression in patients with hepatitis C virus infection treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Oct;18(11):2554-63.e3. Abstract

90. Hamill V, Wong S, Benselin J, et al. Mortality rates among patients successfully treated for hepatitis C in the era of interferon-free antivirals: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2023 Aug 2;382:e074001.Full text  Abstract

91. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about the risk of hepatitis B reactivating in some patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Full text

92. Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, et al. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017 May 2;166(9):637-48.Full text  Abstract

93. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Hepatitis C Virus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

94. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns of serious liver injury risk with hepatitis C treatments Viekira Pak and Technivie. Oct 2015 [internet publication].Full text

95. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about rare occurrence of serious liver injury with use of hepatitis C medicines Mavyret, Zepatier, and Vosevi in some patients with advanced liver disease. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

96. Abutaleb A, Kottilil S. Vedroprevir in the management of hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017 Dec;26(12):1399-402.Full text  Abstract

97. Ahmed AM, Doheim MF, Mattar OM, et al. Beclabuvir in combination with asunaprevir and daclatasvir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2018 May;90(5):907-18. Abstract

98. Meshram RJ, Kathwate GH, Gacche RN. Progress, evolving therapeutic/diagnostic approaches, and challenges in the management of hepatitis C virus infections. Arch Virol. 2022 Mar;167(3):717-36.Full text  Abstract

99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis C virus – reduce deaths. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text

100. Fattovich G, Guistina G, Degos F, et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology. 1997 Feb;112(2):463-72. Abstract

101. Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T, et al. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. Hepatology. 1998 Dec;28(6):1687-95. Abstract

102. Planas R, Balleste B, Alvarez MA, et al. Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a study of 200 patients. J Hepatol. 2004 May;40(5):823-30. Abstract

103. Jacobson IM, Lim JK, Fried MW. American Gastroenterological Association Institute clinical practice update - expert review: care of patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology. 2017 May;152(6):1578-87.Full text  Abstract

104. Bruno S, Zuin M, Crosignani A, et al. Predicting mortality risk in patients with compensated HCV-induced cirrhosis: a long-term prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 May;104(5):1147-58. Abstract

105. Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Ilyas J, et al. HCV genotype 3 is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in a national sample of US veterans with HCV. Hepatology. 2014 Jul;60(1):98-105. Abstract

106. Innes H, McAuley A, Alavi M, et al. The contribution of health risk behaviours to excess mortality in American adults with chronic hepatitis C: a population cohort-study. Hepatology. 2018 Jan;67(1):97-107. Abstract

107. Falade-Nwulia O, Sulkowski MS, Merkow A, et al. Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct-acting antiviral era. J Viral Hepat. 2018 Mar;25(3):220-7.Full text  Abstract

108. Hosseini-Hooshyar S, Hajarizadeh B, Bajis S, et al. Risk of hepatitis C reinfection following successful therapy among people living with HIV: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet HIV. 2022 Jun;9(6):e414-27. Abstract

109. Wan Z, Sun P, Dzakah EE, et al. Reinfection rate of hepatitis C in HIV-1 positive men who have sex with men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:855989.Full text  Abstract

110. Munari SC, Traeger MW, Menon V, et al. Determining reinfection rates by hepatitis C testing interval among key populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2023 Dec;43(12):2625-44.Full text  Abstract

111. Mustafayev K, Torres H. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus reactivation in cancer patients receiving novel anticancer therapies. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022 Oct;28(10):1321-7.Full text  Abstract

112. Li L, Jiang X, Fu L, et al. Reactivation rates of hepatitis B or C or HIV in patients with psoriasis using biological therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med. 2023 Jul;23(3):701-15. Abstract

113. European Medicines Agency. PRAC warns of risk of hepatitis B re-activation with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. Dec 2016 [internet publication].Full text

114. Mücke MM, Backus LI, Mücke VT, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Mar;3(3):172-80. Abstract

115. Wiznia LE, Laird ME, Franks AG Jr. Hepatitis C virus and its cutaneous manifestations: treatment in the direct-acting antiviral era. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Aug;31(8):1260-70. Abstract

116. Alaizari NA, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections in oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Dent J. 2016 Sep;61(3):282-7.Full text  Abstract

117. Ferri C, Zignego AL, Pileri SA. Cryoglobulins. J Clin Pathol. 2002 Jan;55(1):4-13. Abstract

118. Montero N, Favà A, Rodriguez E, et al. Treatment for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 7;(5):CD011403.Full text  Abstract

119. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H, et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993 Feb 18;328(7):465-70.Full text  Abstract

120. Wilson SE, Lee WM, Murakami C, et al. Mooren-type hepatitis C virus-associated corneal ulceration. Ophthalmology. 1994 Apr;101(4):736-45. Abstract

121. Hu KQ, Tong MJ. The long-term outcomes of patients with compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and history of parenteral exposure in the United States. Hepatology. 1999 Apr;29(4):1311-6. Abstract

122. Colombo M. Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19(3):263-9. Abstract

123. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 11;340(10):745-50. Abstract

124. Li X, Sheng L, Liu L, et al. Statin and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020 Apr 9;20(1):98.Full text  Abstract

125. Li Z, Li Y, Li X, et al. Statins in hepatitis B or C patients is associated with reduced hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb;33(2):136-44.Full text  Abstract

126. Zheng YX, Zhou PC, Zhou RR, et al. The benefit of statins in chronic hepatitis C patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Jul;29(7):759-66. Abstract

127. Lee KK, Stelzle D, Bing R, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people with hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Oct;4(10):794-804.Full text  Abstract

128. Ambrosino P, Lupoli R, Di Minno A, et al. The risk of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease in patients with hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:746-54. Abstract

129. Wen D, Du X, Dong JZ, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2019 May;63:69-73. Abstract

130. Lapumnuaypol K, Thongprayoon C, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Impact of hepatitis C sustained viral response on cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis. Hosp Pract (1995). 2019 Aug;47(3):105-10. Abstract

131. Molina-Cuadrado E, Mateo-Carrasco H, Collado A, et al. Anaemia predictors in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with ribavirin and direct-acting antiviral agents. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2018 May;25(3):132-7.Full text  Abstract

132. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Direct-acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C: risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

133. Pessione F, Degos F, Marcellin P, et al. Effect of alcohol consumption on serum hepatitis C RNA and histological lesions in chronic HCV. Hepatology. 1998 Jun;27(6):1717-22. Abstract

134. Llamosas-Falcón L, Shield KD, Gelovany M, et al. Impact of alcohol on the progression of HCV-related liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):536-46. Abstract

135. Llamosas-Falcón L, Shield KD, Gelovany M, et al. Alcohol use disorders and the risk of progression of liver disease in people with hepatitis C virus infection - a systematic review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020 Jun 30;15(1):45.Full text  Abstract

136. Terrault NA. Sexual activity as a risk factor for HCV infection. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S99-105. Abstract

137. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998 Oct 16;47(RR-19):1-39.Full text  Abstract

138. Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Is sexual contact a major mode of hepatitis C virus transmission? Hepatology. 2010 Oct;52(4):1497-505. Abstract