Enterovirus D68

Oermann CM, Schuster JE, Conners GP, et al. Enterovirus D68: a focused review and clinical highlights from the 2014 United States outbreak. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 May;12(5):775-81. Abstract

Midgley CM, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, et al. Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus d68 - missouri and illinois, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 12;63(36):798-9.Full text  Abstract

Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Messacar K, et al. A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;15(6):671-82. Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-polio enterovirus: clinical overview of enterovirus D68. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): clinical guidance for the acute medical treatment of AFM. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

1. Oermann CM, Schuster JE, Conners GP, et al. Enterovirus D68: a focused review and clinical highlights from the 2014 United States outbreak. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 May;12(5):775-81. Abstract

2. Midgley CM, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, et al. Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus d68 - missouri and illinois, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 12;63(36):798-9.Full text  Abstract

3. Foster CB, Friedman N, Carl J, et al. Enterovirus D68: a clinically important respiratory enterovirus. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015 Jan;82(1):26-31.Full text  Abstract

4. Shah MM, Perez A, Lively JY, et al. Enterovirus D68-associated acute respiratory illness-new vaccine surveillance network, United States, July-November 2018-2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Nov 26;70(47):1623-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Pastula DM, Aliabadi N, Haynes AK, et al. Acute neurologic illness of unknown etiology in children: Colorado, August - September 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Oct 10;63(40):901-2.Full text  Abstract

6. Greninger AL, Naccache SN, Messacar K, et al. A novel outbreak enterovirus D68 strain associated with acute flaccid myelitis cases in the USA (2012-14): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jun;15(6):671-82. Abstract

7. Ayscue P, Haren KV, Sheriff H, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California, June 2012-June 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Oct 10;63(40):903-6.Full text  Abstract

8. Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Maloney JA, et al. A cluster of acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction temporally associated with an outbreak of enterovirus D68 in children in Colorado, USA. Lancet. 2015 Apr 25;385(9978):1662-71. Abstract

9. Lu E, Sinha A, Freeman MC. Clinical progress note: enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis. J Hosp Med. 2023 May;18(5):435-8.

10. Knoester M, Helfferich J, Poelman R, et al. Twenty-nine cases of enterovirus-D68-associated acute flaccid myelitis in Europe 2016: a case series and epidemiologic overview. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Jan;38(1):16-21.Full text  Abstract

11. Messacar K, Asturias EJ, Hixon AM, et al. Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Aug;18(8):e239-47.Full text  Abstract

12. Hu Y, Musharrafieh R, Zheng M, et al. Enterovirus D68 antivirals: past, present, and future. ACS Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 10;6(7):1572-86.Full text  Abstract

13. McAllister SC, Schleiss MR, Arbefeville S, et al. Epidemic 2014 enterovirus D68 cross-reacts with human rhinovirus on a respiratory molecular diagnostic platform. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 23;10(3):e0118529. Abstract

14. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Taxonomy database: enterovirus [internet publication].Full text

15. Schieble JH, Fox VL, Lennette EH. A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1967 Mar;85(2):297-310. Abstract

16. Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberst S, et al. Enterovirus surveillance: United States, 1970-2005. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006 Sep 15;55(8):1-20.Full text  Abstract

17. Imamura T, Oshitani H. Global reemergence of enterovirus D68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections. Rev Med Virol. 2015 Mar;25(2):102-14.Full text  Abstract

18. Midgley CM, Watson JT, Nix WA, et al. Severe respiratory illness associated with a nationwide outbreak of enterovirus D68 in the USA (2014): a descriptive epidemiological investigation. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Nov;3(11):879-87. Abstract

19. Landaas ET, Klundby I, Knudsen PK, et al. Emergence of enterovirus D68 in a Norwegian paediatric population 2012-2022. Front. Virol. 24 Feb 26;4.Full text

20. Fall A, Han L, Abdullah O, et al. An increase in enterovirus D68 circulation and viral evolution during a period of increased influenza like illness, The Johns Hopkins Health System, USA, 2022. J Clin Virol. 2023 Mar;160:105379.Full text  Abstract

21. Pons-Salort M, Lambert B, Kamau E, et al. Changes in transmission of Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in England inferred from seroprevalence data. Elife. 2023 Jun 9;12:e76609.Full text  Abstract

22. Smura T, Ylipaasto P, Klemola P, et al. Cellular tropism of human enterovirus D species serotypes EV-94, EV-70, and EV-68 in vitro: implications for pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2010 Nov;82(11):1940-9. Abstract

23. Poelman R, Schuffenecker I, Van Leer-Buter C, et al. European surveillance for enterovirus D68 during the emerging North-American outbreak in 2014. J Clin Virol. 2015 Oct;71:1-9.Full text  Abstract

24. Public Health England. Enterovirus D-68: risk assessment. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

25. Sejvar JJ, Lopez AS, Cortese MM, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis in the United States, August-December 2014: results of nationwide surveillance. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15;63(6):737-45.Full text  Abstract

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): AFM cases and outbreaks. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe respiratory illnesses associated with rhinoviruses and/or enteroviruses Including EV-D68 – Multistate, 2022. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

28. Levy A, Roberts J, Lang J, et al. Enterovirus D68 disease and molecular epidemiology in Australia. J Clin Virol. 2015 Aug;69:117-21 Abstract

29. Skowronski DM, Chambers C, Sabaiduc S, et al. Systematic community- and hospital-based surveillance for enterovirus-D68 in three Canadian provinces, August to December 2014. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(43). Abstract

30. Pfeiffer HC, Bragstad K, Skram MK, et al. Two cases of acute severe flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 infection in children, Norway, autumn 2014. Euro Surveill. 2015 Mar 12;20(10):21062.Full text  Abstract

31. Lang M, Mirand A, Savy N, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus D68 associated pneumonia, France, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Nov 6;19(44).Full text  Abstract

32. Williams CJ1, Thomas RH, Pickersgill TP, et al. Cluster of atypical adult Guillain-Barré syndrome temporally associated with neurological illness due to EV-D68 in children, South Wales, United Kingdom, October 2015 to January 2016. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(4). Abstract

33. Holm-Hansen CC, Midgley SE, Fischer TK. Global emergence of enterovirus D68: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 24;16(5):e64-e75. Abstract

34. Oberste MS, Maher K, Schnurr D, et al. Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses. J Gen Virol. 2004 Sep;85(Pt 9):2577-84. Abstract

35. Blomqvist S, Savolainen C, Råman L, et al. Human rhinovirus 87 and enterovirus 68 represent a unique serotype with rhinovirus and enterovirus features. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Nov;40(11):4218-23. Abstract

36. Imamura T, Suzuki A, Lupisan S, et al. Detection of enterovirus 68 in serum from pediatric patients with pneumonia and their clinical outcomes. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014 Jan;8(1):21-4.Full text  Abstract

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-polio enterovirus: clinical overview of enterovirus D68. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

38. Montes M, Oñate E, Muguruza A, et al. Enterovirus D68 Causing Acute Respiratory Infection: Clinical Characteristics and Differences With Acute Respiratory Infections Associated With Enterovirus Non-D68. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Jul;38(7):687-91.Full text  Abstract

39. Caylan E, Weinblatt E, Welter J, et al. Comparison of the Severity of Respiratory Disease in Children Testing Positive for Enterovirus D68 and Human Rhinovirus. J Pediatr. 2018 Jun;197:147-53.e1.Full text  Abstract

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-polio enterovirus: laboratory testing for non-polio enterovirus. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): case definitions for AFM. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

42. Stehbens WE, Wierzbicki E. The relationship of hypercholesterolemia to atherosclerosis with particular emphasis on familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, obstructive jaundice, myxedema, and the nephrotic syndrome. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1988 Jan-Feb;30(4):289-306.Full text  Abstract

43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM). Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): clinical testing and diagnosis for acute flaccid myelitis. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): ​testing and diagnosis for AFM. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

46. Murphy OC, Messacar K, Benson L, et al. Acute flaccid myelitis: cause, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2021 Jan 23;397(10271):334-46.Full text  Abstract

47. Ma KC, Winn A, Moline HL, et al. Increase in acute respiratory illnesses among children and adolescents associated with rhinoviruses and enteroviruses, including enterovirus D68 - United States, July-September 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Oct 7;71(40):1265-70.Full text  Abstract

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-polio enterovirus: about non-polio enteroviruses. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

49. Adams JY, Sutter ME, Albertson TE. The patient with asthma in the emergency department. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012 Aug;43(1-2):14-29. Abstract

50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM): clinical guidance for the acute medical treatment of AFM. Jun 2024 [internet publication].Full text

51. Kidd S, Lopez A, Nix WA, et al. Vital Signs: Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Confirmed Acute Flaccid Myelitis, United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Aug 7;69(31):1031-38.Full text  Abstract

52. Abzug MJ. The enteroviruses: problems in need of treatments. J Infect. 2014 Jan;68(suppl 1):S108-14. Abstract