Primary prevention

For anxiety disorders in general, prevention interventions (involving cognitive behavioural therapy [CBT], educational interventions, or both) may have a small positive effect.[54] However it is unclear how this finding could translate to the development of anxiety prevention programmes in real-world clinical settings. There are no established primary prevention measures for panic attacks or panic disorder.

Secondary prevention

Advise patients to avoid certain activities, such as drinking coffee and smoking, as they produce physical sensations similar to panic episodes.[52][53] Encourage gradual re-engagement with physical exercise.[69]

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