Incidence varies according to factors such as race or ethnic group, genetics, and geographical location.
In Scandinavian countries, incidence rates of 11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals per year have been reported.[8]Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, et al. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Jul 4;5(1):45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31273209?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Arkema EV, Cozier YC. Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020 Sep;26(5):527-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755458
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701677?tool=bestpractice.com
Estimates from Asia are consistently lower (approximately 1 per 100,000 individuals per year).[9]Arkema EV, Cozier YC. Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020 Sep;26(5):527-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755458
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701677?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Yoon HY, Kim HM, Kim YJ, et al. Prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. Respir Res. 2018 Aug 28;19(1):158.
https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-018-0871-3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30153830?tool=bestpractice.com
Among African-Americans, sarcoidosis incidence ranges from 18-71 cases per 100,000 individuals per year.[8]Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, et al. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Jul 4;5(1):45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31273209?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Baughman RP, Field S, Costabel U, et al. Sarcoidosis in America. Analysis based on health care use. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 Aug;13(8):1244-52.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509154?tool=bestpractice.com
Incidence peaks at a younger age in men than in women (30-50 years versus 50-60 years of age), with some data suggesting that the age at onset is increasing.[8]Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, et al. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Jul 4;5(1):45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31273209?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Arkema EV, Cozier YC. Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020 Sep;26(5):527-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755458
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701677?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Drent M, Crouser ED, Grunewald J. Challenges of sarcoidosis and Its management. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 9;385(11):1018-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34496176?tool=bestpractice.com
Sarcoidosis prevalence ranges from 1-5 per 100,000 in South Korea to 140-160 per 100,000 in Sweden.[9]Arkema EV, Cozier YC. Sarcoidosis epidemiology: recent estimates of incidence, prevalence and risk factors. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2020 Sep;26(5):527-34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755458
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701677?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Arkema EV, Cozier YC. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: current findings and future directions. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2018 Nov;9(11):227-40.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2040622318790197
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30364496?tool=bestpractice.com
Extrathoracic manifestations are more common in certain populations, such as chronic uveitis in black people in the US, lupus pernio in people from Puerto Rico, and erythema nodosum in Europeans.[14]American Thoracic Society. Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Aug;160(2):736-55.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430755?tool=bestpractice.com
Cardiac and ocular sarcoidosis appear to be more common in Japan.[15]Morimoto T, Azuma A, Abe S, et al. Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Japan. Eur Respir J. 2008 Feb;31(2):372-9.
https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/31/2/372
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17959635?tool=bestpractice.com
Women are more likely to have eye and neurological involvement and have erythema nodosum, whereas men are more likely to be hypercalcaemic.[16]Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al; Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis (ACCESS) research group. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1885-9.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734441?tool=bestpractice.com
Black people are more likely to have skin manifestations (other than erythema nodosum) and have eye, liver, bone marrow, and extrathoracic lymph node involvement.[16]Baughman RP, Teirstein AS, Judson MA, et al; Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis (ACCESS) research group. Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Nov 15;164(10 Pt 1):1885-9.
https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104046
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734441?tool=bestpractice.com