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Last reviewed: 16 Mar 2025
Last updated: 30 Sep 2022

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Other diagnostic factors

  • family history
  • joint swelling or pain

Risk factors

  • genetic
  • infection
  • local trauma
  • medications
  • stress
  • smoking
  • ethnicity
  • alcohol
  • greater body mass index (BMI)

Diagnostic tests

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

Andrea Chiricozzi, MD

Assistant Professor

University of Pisa

Consultant Dermatologist

University Hospital of Pisa

Pisa

Italy

Disclosures

AC has served as an advisory board member and consultant and has received fees and speaker's honoraria or has participated in clinical trials for AbbVie, Almirall, Biogen, Fresenius Kabi, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and UCB Pharma; AC is also an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Acknowledgements

Dr Andrea Chiricozzi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr April W. Armstrong and Dr Tsu-Yi Chuang, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

TC declares that he has no competing interests. AWA is an investigator and consultant for Abbott, Amgen, and Janssen; AWA is also an author of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

David Burden, MD, FRCP

Western Infirmary, Glasgow

Consultant Dermatologist Dermatology

Glasgow

UK

Disclosures

DB has been reimbursed as a consultant, researcher, and lecturer for Abbott, Leo, Pfizer, Merck, Janssen-Cilag, and Novartis.

Paradi Mirmirani, MD

Physician

Department of Dermatology

Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center

Vallejo

CA

Disclosures

PM declares that she has no competing interests.

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