Monitoring
Patients are recommended to be seen yearly for noninvasive testing, to include laboratory blood work and perhaps stool tests to monitor for specific complications, including:[83][85]
Cholestasis and biliary obstruction (LFTs)
Malnutrition: albumin, total protein, prothrombin time/INR, CBC, beta-carotene (vitamin A), zinc, selenium, vitamin E, vitamin D
Baseline bone densitometry in high-risk patients (i.e., postmenopausal women, men over the age of 50 years, previous history of low-trauma fracture) and patients with malabsorption.[99] Surveillance exams should be offered in 2 years if osteopenia is detected. Those with osteoporosis should start appropriate medications and/or see a bone specialist[99]
Steatorrhea (qualitative fecal fat)
Diabetes (glucose)
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: monitoring for nutritional status is recommended.[84] The American Gastroenterological Association recommends evaluation for body mass index, muscle mass, quality of life measure, and fat-soluble vitamin levels.[84]
There is no clear role for routine imaging at follow-up.
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