Summary
Differentials
Common
- Alcoholic liver disease
- Choledocholithiasis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Drug-induced liver injury
- Ascending cholangitis
- Pancreatic carcinoma
- Liver metastases
- Hemolytic anemia
- Decompensated cirrhosis
- Acute liver failure
- Acute-on-chronic liver failure
Uncommon
- Gilbert syndrome
- Hepatitis E
- Hepatitis D
- Leptospirosis
- Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) cholangiopathy
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- Postoperative stricture
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Primary biliary cholangitis
- Wilson disease
- Hereditary hemochromatosis
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Parasitic infections
- AIDS cholangiopathy
- Heart failure
Contributors
Authors
Janisha Patel, BSc, PhD, MBChB
Consultant Hepatologist
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
UK
Disclosures
JP declares that she has no competing interests.
Alex Smith, MBChB MRCP
Hepatology Specialist Registrar
University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
UK
Disclosures
AS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Janisha Patel and Dr Alex Smith would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Rene Ramnarace, Dr Harry R. Dalton, Dr Peter Draganov, and Dr Grant F. Hutchins, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
RR, HRD, PD, and GFH declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Jeffrey S. Upperman, MD, FACS, FAAP
Associate Professor of Surgery
Division of General Pediatric Surgery; Director of the Trauma Program
Children's Hospital
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
JSU declares that he has no competing interests.
Grant Sanders, MBBS
Consultant
Laparoscopic Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeon
Derriford Hospital
Plymouth
UK
Disclosures
GS declares that he has no competing interests.
Jawad Ahmad, MD, FRCP, FAASLD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Liver Diseases
Mount Sinai Hospital
New York
NY
Disclosures
JA declares that he has no competing interests.
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