Pulmonary stenosis

Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is estimated to occur in 7% to 12% of all patients with congenital heart disease.​[3]Marchini F, Meossi S, Passarini G, et al. Pulmonary valve stenosis: from diagnosis to current management techniques and future prospects. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2023;19:379-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10320808 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37416511?tool=bestpractice.com ​​​​​ In people with Noonan syndrome, the isolated PS is frequently caused by a dysplastic pulmonary valve and has an incidence of up to 27%.[1]Burch M, Sharland M, Shinebourne E, et al. Cardiologic abnormalities in Noonan syndrome: phenotypic diagnosis and echocardiographic assessment of 118 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):1189-92. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0735109793904365?via%3Dihub http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409059?tool=bestpractice.com Compared with white people, black people have an increased rate of peripheral PS (5.35 vs. 2.45 per 10,000 live births) and a statistical trend toward a higher incidence of valvular PS (4.48 vs. 3.46 per 10,000 live births).