Complications
There is growing evidence that women with a history of PMS/PMDD have an increased risk of postpartum depression, even in the absence of a history of depression. One longitudinal cohort study reported a 31% increase in risk of postpartum depression in women who sometimes had PMS, and a 51% increase in risk of postpartum depression in women who often had PMS, compared with women without PMS.[16]
One meta-analysis found that women with PMS/PMDD are also at risk for suicidal behaviors. Results from this review of 13 studies revealed that women with PMDD are almost seven times more likely to attempt suicide, and almost four times more likely to exhibit suicidal ideation, than those without PMDD. Women with PMS are at a higher risk for suicidal ideation, but not suicide attempt.[35]
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