Emerging treatments
Dantrolene
Dantrolene is a postsynaptic muscle relaxant used for the treatment and prevention of malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and muscle spasticity. It has been successfully used in cases of MDMA-induced hyperthermia.[79]
Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine, a sedative, has been effectively used for sedation of patients with stimulant toxicity in the intensive care unit.[37][80] However, it is not widely available in most emergency departments.
Ketamine
Ketamine has been used successfully for control of generalized agitation in a small number of case reports.[37][81]
Propofol
Propofol, an anesthetic agent, has been effectively used alone and in combination with ketamine (known as ketofol when combined) for control of generalized agitation in a small number of case reports.[37]
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