Because HEV infection is typically acquired by the fecal-oral route in the developing world, travelers to endemic regions should take precautions to avoid exposure to potentially contaminated water, and avoid eating raw vegetables, fruit, or undercooked meat; note that boiling and chlorination of water will inactivate HEV.[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis: hepatitis E. Jun 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hev/index.htm
Similarly, due to zoonotic transmission, particularly in Europe, travelers should avoid undercooked or poorly prepared meat products from pigs, wild boars, and deer.
Advise immunocompromised individuals and patients with chronic liver disease to avoid undercooked meat (pork, wild boar, and venison) and shellfish, and only consume meat that has been cooked to temperatures of at least 158ºF (70ºC).[2]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J Hepatol. 2018 Jun;68(6):1256-71.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(18)30155-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609832?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Te H, Doucette K. Viral hepatitis: guidelines by the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Disease Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13514.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30817047?tool=bestpractice.com
Effective HEV vaccines are in development, with trials yielding promising results.[42]Huang S, Zhang X, Su Y, et al. Long-term efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in adults: 10-year results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024 Feb 19 [Epub ahead of print].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38387470?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 Sep 11;376(9744):895-902.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728932?tool=bestpractice.com
[44]Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, et al. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2007 Mar 1;356(9):895-903.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa061847
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17329696?tool=bestpractice.com
HEV vaccines are licensed for use in China; however, they are not yet available in other countries.[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis: hepatitis E. Jun 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hev/index.htm
The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) recommends that blood donor services screen blood donors for HEV, informed by local risk assessment and cost-effectiveness studies.[2]European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J Hepatol. 2018 Jun;68(6):1256-71.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(18)30155-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609832?tool=bestpractice.com
Several countries including the UK, France, the Netherlands, and Japan have introduced universal or targeted screening for HEV of blood donations.[45]Boland F, Martinez A, Pomeroy L, et al. Blood donor screening for hepatitis E virus in the European Union. Transfus Med Hemother. 2019 Apr;46(2):95-103.
https://karger.com/tmh/article/46/2/95/327805/Blood-Donor-Screening-for-Hepatitis-E-Virus-in-the
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31191195?tool=bestpractice.com
Blood donations are not routinely screened for HEV in the US.