Prognosis

Prognosis depends on the stage of disease at presentation, the histology of the tumor, and the location of the primary tumor.[70] In patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors who have curative surgical resections, the 10-year survival of typical carcinoids is 85%, and of an atypical carcinoid is 35% at 10 years.[71] The risk of recurrence also depends on histology, with 2% recurrence in typical carcinoids and 20% recurrence in atypical carcinoid.[72] Midgut tumors often present with advanced disease, hence the development of carcinoid syndrome. For patients with a mesenteric mass without evidence of hepatic metastases, the 5-year survival from one study was reported to be 91% following surgery for the mesenteric metastases.[73] Patients with distal metastatic disease used to have a 5-year survival of around 50%; however, this has improved to >65%.[74][75] Younger patients (≤50 years) have a more favorable prognosis. Unfavorable factors for survival include carcinoid heart disease, high-grade tumors, and extra-abdominal metastases.

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