References
Key articles
Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.Full text Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fact sheet: risk factors for falls. 2017 [internet publication].Full text
US Preventive Services Task Force; Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2024 Jul 2;332(1):51-7. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Just KS, Dormann H, Schurig M, et al. The phenotype of adverse drug effects: do emergency visits due to adverse drug reactions look different in older people? Results from the ADRED study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;86(11):2144-54.Full text Abstract
2. Talbot LA, Musiol RJ, Witham EK, et al. Falls in young, middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: perceived cause, environmental factors and injury. BMC Public Health. 2005 Aug 18;5:86.Full text Abstract
3. Deandrea S. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2010 Sep;21(5):658-68. Abstract
4. GBD 2019 Ageing Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of diseases and injuries for adults 70 years and older: systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. BMJ. 2022 Mar 10;376:e068208.Full text Abstract
5. World Health Organization. Falls. Fact sheets. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text
6. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Public health profiles (Counties and UAs from April 2021) [internet publication].Full text
7. Public Health England. Guidance - falls: applying All Our Health. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
8. Kakara R, Bergen G, Burns E, et al. Nonfatal and fatal falls among adults aged ≥65 years - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Sep 1;72(35):938-43.Full text Abstract
9. American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines: geriatric trauma management. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
10. Burns E, Kakara R. Deaths from falls among persons aged ≥65 years - United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 May 11;67(18):509-14.Full text Abstract
11. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Fingertips: public health profiles. 2025 [internet publication].Full text
12. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Falls: applying all our health. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
13. Agrawal Y, Van de Berg R, Wuyts F, et al. Presbyvestibulopathy: diagnostic criteria consensus document of the classification committee of the Bárány Society. J Vestib Res. 2019;29(4):161-70.Full text Abstract
14. Li Y, Smith RM, Whitney SL, et al. We should be screening for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in all older adults at risk of falling: a commentary on the World Falls Guidelines. Age Ageing. 2023 Nov 2;52(11):afad206.Full text Abstract
15. Agmon M, Lavie L, Doumas M. The association between hearing loss, postural control, and mobility in older adults: a systematic review. J Am Acad Audiol. 2017 Jun;28(6):575-88. Abstract
16. Muir SW, Berg K, Chesworth B, et al. Quantifying the magnitude of risk for balance impairment on falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010 Apr;63(4):389-406. Abstract
17. Jahn K, Zwergal A, Schniepp R. Gait disturbances in old age: classification, diagnosis, and treatment from a neurological perspective. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Apr;107(17):306-16.Full text Abstract
18. Scheffer AC, Schuurmans MJ, van Dijk N, et al. Fear of falling: measurement strategy, prevalence, risk factors and consequences among older persons. Age Ageing. 2008 Jan;37(1):19-24.Full text Abstract
19. Alarcón T, González-Montalvo JI, Otero Puime A. Assessing patients with fear of falling. Does the method use change the results? A systematic review [in Spanish]. Aten Primaria. 2009 May;41(5):262-8. Abstract
20. de Souza LF, Canever JB, Moreira BS, et al. Association between fear of falling and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;17:129-40.Full text Abstract
21. Haerlein J, Dassen T, Halfens RJ, et al. Fall risk factors in older people with dementia or cognitive impairment: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2009 May;65(5):922-33. Abstract
22. Salvà A, Roqué M, Rojano X, et al. Falls and risk factors for falls in community-dwelling adults with dementia (NutriAlz Trial). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012 Jan-Mar;26(1):74-80. Abstract
23. Sillner AY, Holle CL, Rudolph JL. The overlap between falls and delirium in hospitalized older adults: a systematic review. Clin Geriatr Med. 2019 May;35(2):221-36. Abstract
24. Mahmoudzadeh Khalili S, Simpkins C, Yang F. A meta-analysis of fall risk in older adults with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2024 May;25(5):781-8.e3. Abstract
25. Chantanachai T, Sturnieks DL, Lord SR, et al. Risk factors for falls in older people with cognitive impairment living in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Nov;71:101452. Abstract
26. Wang S, Wang M, Leung ISH, et al. The association of cognitive frailty and the risk of falls among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Pract. 2023 Aug;29(4):e13181. Abstract
27. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-948.Full text Abstract
28. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:e155-217.Full text Abstract
29. Krediet CT, Parry SW, Jardine DL, et al. The history of diagnosing carotid sinus hypersensitivity: why are the current criteria too sensitive? Europace. 2011 Jan;13(1):14-22.Full text Abstract
30. McCarthy F. What is the evidence for cardiovascular disorders as a risk factor for non-syncopal falls? Scope for future research. Eur Geriatr Med. 2010;1:244-51.
31. Menz HB, Auhl M, Spink MJ. Foot problems as a risk factor for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2018 Dec;118:7-14. Abstract
32. Teng Z, Zhu Y, Teng Y, et al. The analysis of osteosarcopenia as a risk factor for fractures, mortality, and falls. Osteoporos Int. 2021 Nov;32(11):2173-83. Abstract
33. Trevisan C, Crippa A, Ek S, et al. Nutritional status, body mass index, and the risk of falls in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 May;20(5):569-82.e7. Abstract
34. Welsh VK, Clarson LE, Mallen CD, et al. Multisite pain and self-reported falls in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019 Feb 22;21(1):67.Full text Abstract
35. Yeung SSY, Reijnierse EM, Pham VK, et al. Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Jun;10(3):485-500.Full text Abstract
36. Zhang XM, Cheng ASK, Dou Q, et al. Comment on: "Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" by Yeung et al. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020 Feb;11(1):330-1.Full text
37. Yeung SSY, Heymans MW, Maier AB. The authors reply: letter on: " Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" by Zhang et al. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020 Feb'11(1):332-5.Full text
38. Gandham A, Mesinovic J, Jansons P, et al. Falls, fractures, and areal bone mineral density in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021 May;22(5):e13187. Abstract
39. G R Neri S, S Oliveira J, B Dario A, et al. Does obesity increase the risk and severity of falls in people aged 60 years and older? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Apr 17;75(5):952-60.Full text Abstract
40. Taipale H, Hamina A, Karttunen N, et al. Incident opioid use and risk of hip fracture among persons with Alzheimer disease: a nationwide matched cohort study. Pain. 2019 Feb;160(2):417-23. Abstract
41. Izza MAD, Lunt E, Gordon AL, et al. Polypharmacy, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants, but not antipsychotics, are associated with increased falls risk in UK care home residents: a prospective multi-centre study. Eur Geriatr Med. 2020 Dec;11(6):1043-50.Full text Abstract
42. Sterke CS, Verhagen AP, van Beeck EF, et al. The influence of drug use on fall incidents among nursing home residents: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008 Oct;20(5):890-910. Abstract
43. Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS, et al. Antihypertensive medications and serious fall injuries in a nationally representative sample of older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Apr;174(4):588-95. Abstract
44. Hegeman J, van den Bemt BJ, van Duysens J, et al. NSAIDs and the risk of accidental falls in the elderly: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2009;32(6):489-98. Abstract
45. Daoust R, Paquet J, Moore L, et al. Recent opioid use and fall-related injury among older patients with trauma. CMAJ. 2018 Apr 23;190(16):E500-6.Full text Abstract
46. Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Nov 23;169(21):1952-60. [Erratum in Arch Intern Med. 2010 Mar 8;170(5):477.]Full text Abstract
47. Anderson TS, Jing B, Auerbach A, et al. Clinical outcomes after intensifying antihypertensive medication regimens among older adults at hospital discharge. JAMA Intern Med. 2019 Aug 19;179(11):1528-36.Full text Abstract
48. Sim JJ, Zhou H, Bhandari S, et al. Low systolic blood pressure from treatment and association with serious falls/syncope. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Oct;55(4):488-96. Abstract
49. LeRoith D, Biessels GJ, Braithwaite SS, et al. Treatment of diabetes in older adults: an Endocrine Society* clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1520-74.Full text Abstract
50. Yang Y, Hu X, Zhang Q, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2016 Nov;45(6):761-7.Full text Abstract
51. Andrade C. Sedative Hypnotics and the Risk of Falls and Fractures in the Elderly. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 May/Jun;79(3):.Full text Abstract
52. Cho H, Myung J, Suh HS, et al. Antihistamine use and the risk of injurious falls or fracture in elderly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2018 Oct;29(10):2163-70. Abstract
53. Collamati A, Martone AM, Poscia A, et al. Anticholinergic drugs and negative outcomes in the older population: from biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016 Feb;28(1):25-35. Abstract
54. de Vries M, Seppala LJ, Daams JG, et al. Fall-risk-increasing drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis: I. Cardiovascular Drugs. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 Apr;19(4):371.e1-371.e9. Abstract
55. Díaz-Gutiérrez MJ, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M, Sáez de Adana E, et al. Relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and falls in older adults: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2017 Jul;101:17-22. Abstract
56. Mattishent K, Loke YK. Meta-Analysis: Association between hypoglycemia and serious adverse events in older patients treated with glucose-lowering agents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:571568.Full text Abstract
57. Ryba N, Rainess R. Z-drugs and falls: a Focused review of the literature. Sr Care Pharm. 2020 Dec 1;35(12):549-54. Abstract
58. Yoshikawa A, Ramirez G, Smith ML, et al. Opioid use and the risk of falls, fall injuries and fractures among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Sep 25;75(10):1989-95.Full text Abstract
59. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, et al. Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 May 12;303(18):1815-22. [Erratum in: JAMA. 2010 Jun 16;303(23):2357.] Abstract
60. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, et al. Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Feb;176(2):175-83.Full text Abstract
61. van der Velde N, Seppala LJ, Hartikainen S, et al. European position paper on polypharmacy and fall-risk-increasing drugs recommendations in the World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management: implications and implementation. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023 Aug;14(4):649-58.Full text Abstract
62. Korkatti-Puoskari N, Tiihonen M, Caballero-Mora MA, et al. Therapeutic dilemma's: antipsychotics use for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, delirium and insomnia and risk of falling in older adults, a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023 Aug;14(4):709-20.Full text Abstract
63. İlhan B, Erdoğan T, Topinková E, et al. Management of use of urinary antimuscarinics and alpha blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia in older adults at risk of falls: a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023 Aug;14(4):733-46. Abstract
64. Hartikainen S, Lonnroos E, Louhivuori K. Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 Oct;62(10):1172-81. Abstract
65. Gagnon ME, Talbot D, Tremblay F, et al. Polypharmacy and risk of fractures in older adults: a systematic review. J Evid Based Med. 2024 Mar;17(1):145-71.Full text Abstract
66. Clemson L, Stark S, Pighills AC, et al. Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 10;3(3):CD013258.Full text Abstract
67. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR. Falls and their prevention in elderly people: what does the evidence show? Med Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;90(5):807-24. Abstract
68. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. Preventing falls and reducing injury from falls. 4th ed. Toronto: Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario; 2017.
69. Jehu DA, Davis JC, Falck RS, et al. Risk factors for recurrent falls in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2021 Feb;144:23-8. Abstract
70. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, et al. Will my patient fall? JAMA. 2007 Jan 3;297(1):77-86. Abstract
71. Chu LW, Chi I, Chiu AY. Incidence and predictors of falls in the Chinese elderly. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2005 Jan;34(1):60-72.Full text Abstract
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fact sheet: risk factors for falls. 2017 [internet publication].Full text
73. Bergland A, Jarnlo GB, Laake K. Predictors of falls in the elderly by location. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003 Feb;15(1):43-50. Abstract
74. Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1975 Oct;23(10):433-41. Abstract
75. Coleman AL, Stone K, Ewing SK, et al. Higher risk of multiple falls among elderly women who lose visual acuity. Ophthalmology. 2004 May;111(5):857-62. Abstract
76. Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969 Autumn;9(3):179-86. Abstract
77. Hartog LC, Schrijnders D, Landman GWD, et al. Is orthostatic hypotension related to falling? A meta-analysis of individual patient data of prospective observational studies. Age Ageing. 2017 Jul 1;46(4):568-75.Full text Abstract
78. Noguchi N, Chan L, Cumming RG, et al. A systematic review of the association between lower urinary tract symptoms and falls, injuries, and fractures in community-dwelling older men. Aging Male. 2016 Sep;19(3):168-74.Full text Abstract
79. Moon S, Chung HS, Kim YJ, et al. The impact of urinary incontinence on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251711.Full text Abstract
80. Pesonen JS, Vernooij RWM, Cartwright R, et al. The impact of nocturia on falls and fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2020 Apr;203(4):674-83.Full text Abstract
81. Hacıdursunoğlu Erbaş D, Çınar F, Eti Aslan F. Elderly patients and falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021 Nov;33(11):2953-66 Abstract
82. Jansen S, Bhangu J, de Rooij S, et al. The association of cardiovascular disorders and falls: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Mar 1;17(3):193-9.Full text Abstract
83. Kojima G. Frailty as a predictor of future falls among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Dec;16(12):1027-33. Abstract
84. Kua CH, Mak VSL, Huey Lee SW. Health outcomes of deprescribing interventions among older residents in nursing homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019 Mar;20(3):362-72.e11. Abstract
85. van Poelgeest EP, Pronk AC, Rhebergen D, et al. Depression, antidepressants and fall risk: therapeutic dilemmas-a clinical review. Eur Geriatr Med. 2021 Jun;12(3):585-96.Full text Abstract
86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts about falls. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
87. Kim J, Lee W, Lee SH. A systematic review of the guidelines and delphi study for the multifactorial fall risk assessment of community-dwelling elderly. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Aug 21;17(17):6097.Full text Abstract
88. Topic Group on “Falls among the elderly” of the ITU/WHO Focus Group “Artificial Intelligence for Health”, Albites-Sanabria J, Greene BR, et al. Fall risk stratification of community-living older people. Commentary on the world guidelines for fall prevention and management. Age Ageing. 2023 Oct 2;52(10):afad162.Full text Abstract
89. Montero-Odasso M, van der Velde N, Martin FC, et al. World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative. Age Ageing. 2022 Sep 2;51(9):afac205.Full text Abstract
90. US Preventive Services Task Force; Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2024 Jul 2;332(1):51-7. Abstract
91. Guirguis-Blake JM, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, et al. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services Task Force. JAMA. 2024 Jul 2;332(1):58-69.Full text Abstract
92. Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 31;1(1):CD012424.Full text Abstract
93. Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, et al. Effectiveness of a therapeutic Tai Ji Quan intervention vs a multimodal exercise intervention to prevent falls among older adults at high risk of falling: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Oct 1;178(10):1301-10.Full text Abstract
94. US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592-9.Full text Abstract
95. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and falls: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Jul;2(7):573-80. Abstract
96. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Nov;6(11):847-58. Abstract
97. Cameron ID, Dyer SM, Panagoda CE, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 7;9(9):CD005465.Full text Abstract
98. Tan L, He R, Zheng X. Effect of vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation on fall prevention: a systematic review and updated network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2024 May 2;24(1):390.Full text Abstract
99. Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ, et al. Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 23;(7):CD012221.Full text Abstract
100. Dautzenberg L, Beglinger S, Tsokani S, et al. Interventions for preventing falls and fall-related fractures in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021 Oct;69(10):2973-84Full text Abstract
101. Hopewell S, Copsey B, Nicolson P, et al. Multifactorial interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 trials and almost 20 000 participants. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Nov;54(22):1340-50.Full text Abstract
102. Brignole M. Diagnosis and treatment of syncope. Heart. 2007 Jan;93(1):130-6. Abstract
103. Corona G, Norello D, Parenti G, et al. Hyponatremia, falls and bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018 Oct;89(4):505-13.Full text Abstract
104. Ohm C, Mina A, Howells G, et al. Effects of antiplatelet agents on outcomes for elderly patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2005 Mar;58(3):518-22. Abstract
105. Feldstein A, Elmer PJ, Orwoll E, et al. Bone mineral density measurement and treatment for osteoporosis in older individuals with fractures: a gap in evidence-based practice guideline implementation. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Oct 13;163(18):2165-72.Full text Abstract
106. Parnes LS, Agrawal SK, Atlas J. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). CMAJ. 2003:169:681-93.Full text Abstract
107. Thurman DJ, Stevens JA, Rao JK. Practice parameter: assessing patients in a neurology practice for risk of falls (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2008 Feb 5;70(6):473-9.Full text Abstract
108. Denfeld QE, Turrise S, MacLaughlin EJ, et al. Preventing and managing falls in adults with cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022 Jun;15(6):e000108.Full text Abstract
109. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
110. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98. Abstract
111. Joshi S, Morley J. Cognitive impairment. Med Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;90(5):769-87. Abstract
112. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. Abstract
113. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Abstract
114. Vreeswijk R, Timmers JF, de Jonghe JFM, et al. Assessment scales for delirium. Aging Health. 2009;5:409-25.
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer