Considering that surgery is the main elective treatment for repairing inguinal hernia, surgical audit data can be considered a reasonable indicator of incidence/prevalence rates. In England, from 2001 to 2002, approximately 70,000 surgical interventions were performed for inguinal hernias (62,969 primary hernias against 4939 recurrent hernias), equivalent to 0.14% of the overall population; requiring over 100,000 NHS hospital-bed days.[6]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia repair. 2004 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/TA83
Audit data from 2014 to 2015 shows 69,637 primary inguinal hernia repair finished consultant episodes (not including recurrent hernia repairs), of which 92% were male.[7]Department of Health. Hospital Episode Statistics, admitted patient care - England, 2014-15. November 2015 [internet publication].
https://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB19124
In the US, approximately 4.5 million people have an inguinal hernia, with around 500,000 new inguinal hernias diagnosed annually, though recent data are not available.[8]Everhart, JE, ed. Digestive diseases in the United States: epidemiology and impact. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994; NIH publication no. 94-1447.[9]Rutkow IM. Epidemiologic, economic and sociologic aspects of hernia surgery in the United States in the 1990s. Surg Clin North Am. 1998 Dec;78(6):941-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9927978?tool=bestpractice.com
About 750,000 procedures were performed in 2003 across the US for inguinal hernia. Although the incidence and prevalence worldwide is unknown, it is estimated that over 20 million surgical procedures for inguinal hernia are performed each year.[2]HerniaSurge Group. International guidelines for groin hernia management. Hernia. 2018 Feb;22(1):1-165.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10029-017-1668-x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330835?tool=bestpractice.com
Operation rates vary between countries, but range from 100 to 300 procedures per 100,000 people per year.[10]Kingsnorth AN, LeBlanc KA. Management of abdominal hernias. 3rd ed. London, New York: Edward Arnold; 2003:40-47. Although inguinal hernia can occur in both sexes, the disorder predominantly affects men (male to female ratio is 7-9:1).[11]Itani KMF, Fitzgibbons R. Approach to groin hernias. JAMA Surg. 2019 Jun 1;154(6):551-2.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2018.5564
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30865244?tool=bestpractice.com
In general, inguinal hernia affects all ages, but the incidence increases with age.[12]Burcharth J, Pedersen M, Bisgaard T, et al. Nationwide prevalence of groin hernia repair. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54367.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544713/pdf/pone.0054367.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23342139?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Abramson JH, Gofin J, Hopp C, et al. The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1978 Mar;32(1):59-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1087312/pdf/jepicomh200001-1063.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/95577?tool=bestpractice.com
[14]de Goede B, Timmermans L, van Kempen BJ, et al. Risk factors for inguinal hernia in middle-aged and elderly men: results from the Rotterdam Study. Surgery. 2015 Mar;157(3):540-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25596770?tool=bestpractice.com
The lifetime risk of inguinal herniation is approximately 27% for men and 3% for women.[15]Primatesta P, Goldacre MJ. Inguinal hernia repair: incidence of elective and emergency surgery, readmission and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Aug;25(4):835-9.
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/4/835
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8921464?tool=bestpractice.com
Inguinal hernia is bilateral in up to 20% of affected adults.[15]Primatesta P, Goldacre MJ. Inguinal hernia repair: incidence of elective and emergency surgery, readmission and mortality. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Aug;25(4):835-9.
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/4/835
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8921464?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Zendejas B, Ramirez T, Jones T, et al. Incidence of inguinal hernia repairs in Olmsted County, MN: a population-based study. Ann Surg. 2013;257:520-526.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388353?tool=bestpractice.com