References
Key articles
Sartelli M, Weber DG, Kluger Y, et al. 2020 update of the WSES guidelines for the management of acute colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 May 7;15(1):32.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diverticular disease: diagnosis and management. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Tursi A. Diverticular disease: a therapeutic overview. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Feb 6;1(1):27-35.Full text Abstract
2. Andersen JC, Bundgaard L, Elbrønd H, et al. Danish national guidelines for treatment of diverticular disease. Dan Med J. 2012 May;59(5):C4453.Full text Abstract
3. Hinchey EJ, Schaal PG, Richards GK. Treatment of perforated diverticular disease of the colon. Adv Surg. 1978;12:85-109. Abstract
4. Ambrosetti P, Becker C, Terrier F. Colonic diverticulitis: impact of imaging on surgical management - a prospective study of 542 patients. Eur Radiol. 2002 May;12(5):1145-9. Abstract
5. Collins D, Winter DC. Modern concepts in diverticular disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015 May-Jun;49(5):358-69. Abstract
6. Sartelli M, Weber DG, Kluger Y, et al. 2020 update of the WSES guidelines for the management of acute colonic diverticulitis in the emergency setting. World J Emerg Surg. 2020 May 7;15(1):32.Full text Abstract
7. Lin OS, Soon MS, Wu SS, et al. Dietary habits and right-sided colonic diverticulosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000 Oct;43(10):1412-8. Abstract
8. Imaeda H, Hibi T. The burden of diverticular disease and iIts complications: west versus east. Inflamm Intest Dis. 2018 Dec;3(2):61-8.Full text Abstract
9. Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Smart NJ, et al. Meta-analysis of the demographic and prognostic significance of right-sided versus left-sided acute diverticulitis. Colorectal Dis. 2020 Dec;22(12):1908-23. Abstract
10. Wong SK, Ho YH, Leong AP, et al. Clinical behavior of complicated right-sided and left-sided diverticulosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997 Mar;40(3):344-8. Abstract
11. Matrana MR, Margolin DA. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009 Aug;22(3):141-6.Full text Abstract
12. Peery AF, Shaukat A, Strate LL. AGA clinical practice update on medical management of colonic diverticulitis: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2021 Feb;160(3):906-11.Full text Abstract
13. Tursi A. Diverticulosis today: unfashionable and still under-researched. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016 Mar;9(2):213-28.Full text Abstract
14. Nair P, Mayberry JF. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber and gastrointestinal disease. Dig Dis. 1994 May-Jun;12(3):177-85. Abstract
15. Gear JS, Ware A, Fursdon P, et al. Symptomless diverticular disease and intake of dietary fibre. Lancet. 1979 Mar 10;1(8115):511-4. Abstract
16. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Allen NE, et al. Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians. BMJ. 2011 Jul 19;343:d4131.Full text Abstract
17. Peery AF, Keku TO, Galanko JA, et al. Sex and race disparities in diverticulosis prevalence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;18(9):1980-6.Full text Abstract
18. McConnell EJ, Tessier DJ, Wolff BG. Population-based incidence of complicated diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon based on gender and age. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Aug;46(8):1110-4. Abstract
19. Konvolinka CW. Acute diverticulitis under the age of forty. Am J Surg. 1994 Jun;167(6):562-5. Abstract
20. Schafmayer C, Harrison JW, Buch S, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of diverticular disease points towards neuromuscular, connective tissue and epithelial pathomechanisms. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):854-65. Abstract
21. Aune D, Sen A, Norat T, et al. Dietary fibre intake and the risk of diverticular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2020 Mar;59(2):421-32.Full text Abstract
22. Wijarnpreecha K, Ahuja W, Chesdachai S, et al. Obesity and the risk of colonic diverticulosis: a meta-analysis. 2018 Apr;61(4):476-83. Abstract
23. Aune D, Sen A, Leitzmann MF, et al. Body mass index and physical activity and the risk of diverticular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Dec;56(8):2423-38.Full text Abstract
24. Aune D, Sen A, Leitzmann MF, et al. Tobacco smoking and the risk of diverticular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Colorectal Dis. 2017 Jul;19(7):621-33. Abstract
25. Wijarnpreecha K, Boonpheng B, Thongprayoon C, et al. Smoking and risk of colonic diverticulosis: a meta-analysis. J Postgrad Med. 2018 Jan-Mar;64(1):35-9.Full text Abstract
26. Bode MK, Karttunen TJ, Makela J, et al. Type I and III collagens in human colon cancer and diverticulosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jul;35(7):747-52. Abstract
27. Bassotti G, Battaglia E, Spinozzi E, et al. Twenty-four hour recordings of colonic motility in patients with diverticular disease: evidence for abnormal motility and propulasive activity. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Dec;44(12):1814-20. Abstract
28. Leganger J, Søborg MK, Mortensen LQ, et al. Association between diverticular disease and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a 13-year nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016 Dec;31(12):1863-7. Abstract
29. Hauer-Jensen M, Bursac Z, Read RC. Is herniosis the single etiology of Saint's triad? Hernia. 2009 Feb;13(1):29-34. Abstract
30. Schieffer KM, Kline BP, Yochum GS, et al. Pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jul;12(7):683-92. Abstract
31. Muller-Lissner SA. Effect of wheat bran on weight of stool and gastrointestinal transit time: a meta analysis. Br Med J. 1988 Feb 27;296(6622):615-7. Abstract
32. Simpson J, Scholefield JH, Spiller RC. Pathogenesis of colonic diverticula. Br J Surg 2002 May;89(5):546-54. Abstract
33. Tjiang E, Raja M, Hoyle C, et al. The role of nitric oxide in colonic compliance in diverticular disease. Gut. 1998;42 (suppl 1):A95.
34. Wess L, Eastwood MA, Wess TJ, et al. Cross linking of collagen is increased in colonic diverticulosis. Gut. 1995 Jul;37(1):91-4. Abstract
35. Hall J, Hardiman K, Lee S, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of left-sided colonic diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 Jun;63(6):728-47.Full text Abstract
36. Dobbins C, Defontgalland D, Duthie G, et al. The relationship of obesity to the complications of diverticular disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jan;8(1):37-40. Abstract
37. Strate LL, Liu YL, Aldoori WH, et al. Obesity increases the risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jan;136(1):115-22.Full text Abstract
38. Goh H, Bourne R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and perforated diverticular disease: a case-control study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002 Mar;84(2):93-6.Full text Abstract
39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diverticular disease: diagnosis and management. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text
40. Stollman N, Smalley W, Hirano I, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the management of acute diverticulitis. Gastroenterology. 2015 Dec;149(7):1944-9.Full text Abstract
41. Sugihara Y, Kudo SE, Miyachi H, et al. Analysis of risk factors for colonic diverticular bleeding: a matched case-control study. Gut Liver. 2016 Mar;10(2):244-9.Full text Abstract
42. Yuhara H, Corley DA, Nakahara F, et al. Aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs increase risk of colonic diverticular bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;49(6):992-1000. Abstract
43. Ma W, Nguyen LH, Song M, et al. Intake of dietary fiber, fruits, and vegetables and risk of diverticulitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Sep;114(9):1531-8.Full text Abstract
44. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000. Abstract
45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text
46. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text
47. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication].Full text
48. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: left lower quadrant pain. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
49. Nutbeam T, Daniels R; The UK Sepsis Trust. Professional resources: clinical [internet publication].Full text
50. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
51. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text
52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text
53. Shin JH, Son BH, Kim H. Clinically distinguishing between appendicitis and right-sided colonic diverticulitis at initial presentation. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):511-6.Full text Abstract
55. Salzman H, Lillie D. Diverticular disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Oct 1;72(7):1229-34. Abstract
56. Oakland K, Chadwick G, East JE, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):776-89Full text Abstract
57. Sengupta N, Feuerstein JD, Jairath V, et al. Management of patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated ACG guideline. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Feb 1;118(2):208-31.Full text Abstract
58. Jensen DM, Machicado GA, Jutabha R, et al. Urgent colonoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of severe diverticular hemorrhage. N Eng J Med. 2000 Jan 13;342(2):78-82. Abstract
59. Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(6):1504-17. Abstract
60. Kirsner JB. Historical origins of current IBD concepts. World J Gastroenterol. 2001 Apr;7(2):175-84. Abstract
61. Shepherd NA. Diverticular disease and chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: associations and masquerades. Gut 1996 Jun;38(6):801-2. Abstract
62. Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA. What is new in Rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Apr 30;23(2):151-63.Full text Abstract
63. Biondo S, Golda T, Kreisler E, et al. Outpatient versus hospitalization management for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial (DIVER trial). Ann Surg. 2014 Jan;259(1):38-44. Abstract
64. Sánchez-Velázquez P, Grande L, Pera M. Outpatient treatment of uncomplicated diverticulitis: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Jun;28(6):622-7. Abstract
65. Byrnes MC, Mazuski JE. Antimicrobial therapy for acute colonic diverticulitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2009 Apr;10(2):143-54. Abstract
66. Eberhardt F, Crichton M, Dahl C, et al. Role of dietary fibre in older adults with asymptomatic (AS) or symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD): systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2019 Dec;130:57-67. Abstract
67. Unlu C, Daniels L, Vrouenraets BC, et al. A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012 Apr;27(4):419-27.Full text Abstract
68. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Full text Abstract
69. Mege D, Yeo H. Meta-analyses of current strategies to treat uncomplicated diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019 Mar;62(3):371-8. Abstract
70. Desai M, Fathallah J, Nutalapati V, et al. Antibiotics versus no antibiotics for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2019 Aug;62(8):1005-12. Abstract
71. Emile SH, Elfeki H, Sakr A, et al. Management of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis without antibiotics: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of predictors of treatment failure. Tech Coloproctol. 2018 Jul;22(7):499-509. Abstract
72. Araya-Quezada C, Torres-Bavestrello L, Gómez-Barbieri G, et al. Antibiotics for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis in hospitalized patients [in Spanish]. Medwave. 2021 Mar 26;21(2):e8140.Full text Abstract
73. Garfinkle R, Salama E, Amar-Zifkin A, et al. Observational versus antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a non-inferiority meta-analysis based on a Delphi consensus. Surgery. 2022 Feb;171(2):328-35. Abstract
74. van Dijk ST, Chabok A, Dijkgraaf MG, et al. Observational versus antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated diverticulitis: an individual-patient data meta-analysis. Br J Surg. 2020 Jul;107(8):1062-9.Full text Abstract
75. Balk EM, Adam GP, Bhuma MR, et al. Diagnostic imaging and medical management of acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Mar;175(3):379-87.Full text Abstract
76. Dichman ML, Rosenstock SJ, Shabanzadeh DM. Antibiotics for uncomplicated diverticulitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 22;(6):CD009092.Full text Abstract
77. Qaseem A, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Lin JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis: a clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Mar;175(3):399-415.Full text Abstract
78. Oakland K, Guy R, Uberoi R, et al. Acute lower GI bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, interventions and outcomes in the first nationwide audit. Gut. 2018 Apr;67(4):654-62. Abstract
79. Oakland K, Jairath V, Uberoi R, et al. Derivation and validation of a novel risk score for safe discharge after acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Sep;2(9):635-43. Abstract
80. Bloomfeld RS, Rockey DC, Shetzline MA. Endoscopic therapy of acute diverticular hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug;96(8):2367-72. Abstract
81. Cirocchi R, Di Saverio S, Weber DG, et al. Laparoscopic lavage versus surgical resection for acute diverticulitis with generalised peritonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2017 Feb;21(2):93-110. Abstract
82. Gregersen R, Mortensen LQ, Burcharth J, et al. Treatment of patients with acute colonic diverticulitis complicated by abscess formation: a systematic review. Int J Surg. 2016 Nov;35:201-8. Abstract
83. Angenete E, Bock D, Rosenberg J, et al. Laparoscopic lavage is superior to colon resection for perforated purulent diverticulitis-a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017 Feb;32(2):163-9.Full text Abstract
84. Toorenvliet BR, Swank H, Schoones JW, et al. Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage for perforated colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2010 Sep;12(9):862-7. Abstract
85. Angenete E, Thornell A, Burcharth J, et al. Laparoscopic lavage is feasible and safe for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis: the first results from the randomized controlled trial DILALA. Annf Surg. 2016 Jan;263(1):117-22.Full text Abstract
86. Gehrman J, Angenete E, Björholt I, et al. Health economic analysis of laparoscopic lavage versus Hartmann's procedure for diverticulitis in the randomized DILALA trial. Br J Surg. 2016 Oct;103(11):1539-47.Full text Abstract
87. Schultz JK, Wallon C, Blecic L, et al. One-year results of the SCANDIV randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic lavage versus primary resection for acute perforated diverticulitis. Br J Surg. 2017 Sep;104(10):1382-92. Abstract
88. Shaikh FM, Stewart PM, Walsh SR, et al. Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage or surgical resection for acute perforated sigmoid diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017 Feb;38:130-7. Abstract
89. Galbraith N, Carter JV, Netz U, et al. Laparoscopic lavage in the management of perforated diverticulitis: a contemporary meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2017 Sep;21(9):1491-9. Abstract
90. Abbas S. Resection and primary anastomosis in acute complicated diverticulitis, a systematic review of the literature. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Apr;22(4):351-7. Abstract
91. Bezerra RP, Costa ACD, Santa-Cruz F, et al. Hartmann procedure or resection with primary anastomosis for treatment of perforated diverticulitis? systematic review and meta-analysis [in Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2021 Jan 15;33(3):e1546.Full text Abstract
92. Lambrichts DP, Edomskis PP, van der Bogt RD, et al. Sigmoid resection with primary anastomosis versus the Hartmann's procedure for perforated diverticulitis with purulent or fecal peritonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2020 Aug;35(8):1371-86.Full text Abstract
93. Chua TC, Jeyakumar A, Ip JCY, et al. Conservative management of acute perforated diverticulitis: a systematic review. J Dig Dis. 2020 Feb;21(2):63-8. Abstract
94. Adiamah A, Ban L, Otete H, et al. Outcomes after non-operative management of perforated diverticular disease: a population-based cohort study. BJS Open. 2021 Mar 5;5(2):zraa073.Full text Abstract
95. Janes S, Meagher A, Faragher IG, et al. The place of elective surgery following acute diverticulitis in young patients: when is surgery indicated? An analysis of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009 May;52(5):1008-16. Abstract
96. Yeow M, Syn N, Chong CS. Elective surgical versus conservative management of complicated diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dig Dis. 2022 Feb;23(2):91-8. Abstract
97. Siddiqui MR, Sajid MS, Qureshi S, et al. Elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticular disease has fewer complications than conventional surgery: a meta-analysis. Am J Surg. 2010 Jul;200(1):144-61. Abstract
98. Cirocchi RF, Farinella E, Trastulli S, et al. Elective sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease. Laparoscopic vs open surgery: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2012 Jun;14(6):671-83. Abstract
99. Andeweg CS, Berg R, Staal JB, et al. Patient-reported outcomes after conservative or surgical management of recurrent and chronic complaints of diverticulitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Feb;14(2):183-90. Abstract
100. Espin Basany E, Solís-Peña A, Pellino G, et al. Preoperative oral antibiotics and surgical-site infections in colon surgery (ORALEV): a multicentre, single-blind, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;5(8):729-38. Abstract
101. Qaseem A, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Lin JS, et al. Colonoscopy for diagnostic evaluation and interventions to prevent recurrence after acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis: a clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Mar;175(3):416-41.Full text Abstract
102. Balk EM, Adam GP, Cao W, et al. Evaluation and management after acute left-sided colonic diverticulitis : a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Mar;175(3):388-98.Full text Abstract
103. Hupfeld L, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, et al. Risk factors for recurrence after acute colonic diverticulitis: a systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017 May;32(5):611-22. Abstract
104. Kang G, Son S, Shin YM, et al. Recurrence of uncomplicated diverticulitis: a meta-analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jun 2;58(6):758.Full text Abstract
105. Andeweg C, Peters J, Bleichrodt R, et al. Incidence and risk factors of recurrence after surgery for pathology-proven diverticular disease. World J Surg. 2008 Jul;32(7):1501-6.Full text Abstract
106. Azhar N, Johanssen A, Sundström T, et al. Laparoscopic lavage vs primary resection for acute perforated diverticulitis: long-term outcomes from the scandinavian diverticulitis (SCANDIV) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2021 Feb 1;156(2):121-7.Full text Abstract
107. Samuelsson A, Bock D, Prytz M, et al. Functional outcomes of emergency surgery for perforated diverticulitis, Hinchey grade III. World J Surg. 2023 Jun;47(6):1570-82.Full text Abstract
108. Woods RJ, Lavery IC, Fazio VW, et al. Internal fistulas in diverticular disease. Dis Clon Rectum. 1988 Aug;31(8):591-6. Abstract
109. McBeath RB, Schiff M Jr, Allen V, et al. A 12-year experience with enterovesical fistulas. Urology. 1994 Nov;44(5):661-5. Abstract
110. Tamim WZ, Ghellai A, Counihan TC, et al. Experience with endoluminal colonic wall stents for the management large bowel obstruction for benign and malignant disease. Arch Surg. 2000 Apr;135(4):434-8. Abstract
111. Koo CH, Chang JHE, Syn NL, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on colorectal cancer findings on colonic evaluation after CT-confirmed acute diverticulitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020 May;63(5):701-9. Abstract
112. Mortensen LQ, Buciek J, Andresen K, et al. Diverticulitis does not increase the long-term risk of developing colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2022 Sep;37(9):1945-52. Abstract
113. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Management of colonic diverticulitis. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text
114. Meyer J, Orci LA, Combescure C, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with acute diverticulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Jul;17(8):1448-56.e17.Full text Abstract
115. Longo S, Altobelli E, Castellini C, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetylsalicylic acid increase the risk of complications of diverticular disease: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2022 Mar;37(3):521-9. Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
116. Primary Care Diabetes Society. How to advise on sick day rules. 2020 [internet publication]Full text
117. Diabetes UK. Diabetes when you’re unwell [internet publication]Full text
118. NHS. What to do when you're ill. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text
119. TREND ™Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes: What to do when you are ill. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
120. TREND™Diabetes. Type 2 diabetes: What to do when you are ill. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
121. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract
122. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: updated advice on the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. April 2016 [internet publication]Full text
123. International Diabetes Federation Europe. How to manage diabetes during an illness: 'sick day rules'. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
124. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text
125. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
126. Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9.Full text Abstract
127. Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8.Full text Abstract
128. Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. Abstract
129. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020 Mar;294(3):660-8.Full text Abstract
130. Royal College of Radiologists. iRefer: making the best use of clinical radiology. 8th edition 2017 [internet publication]Full text
131. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text Abstract
132. Oakland K, Chadwick G, East JE, et al. Diagnosis & management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut. 2019 May;68(5):776-89Full text Abstract
133. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Guyatt G, et al. Red blood cell transfusion: 2023 AABB international guidelines. JAMA. 2023 Nov 21;330(19):1892-902. Abstract
134. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text
135. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text Abstract
136. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Abstract
137. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
138. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text Abstract
139. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
140. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
141. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
142. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
143. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
144. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
145. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
146. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
147. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
148. Nickel C, Arendts G, Lucke J, et al; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: geriatric syndromes. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text
149. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication]Full text
150. National Institue for Health and Care Excellence. Palliative care for adults: strong opioids for pain relief. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text
151. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text Abstract
152. UK Kidney Association. Kidney Patient Safety Committee: safe prescribing of opiates in kidney disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
153. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
154. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
155. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
156. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
157. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
158. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
159. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
160. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
161. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
162. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
163. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
164. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
165. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
166. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
167. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
168. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text
169. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
170. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text Abstract
171. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
172. Davy E. The endoscopy patient with a history of sexual abuse: strategies for compassionate care. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2006 May-Jun;29(3):221-5 Abstract
173. Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger T. The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020
174. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
175. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
176. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
177. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
178. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
179. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text
180. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract
181. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text Abstract
182. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract
183. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract
184. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
185. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract
186. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text Abstract
187. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
188. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
189. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
190. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
191. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
192. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
193. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
194. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract
195. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
196. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
197. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
198. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
199. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text Abstract
200. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract
201. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
202. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
203. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
204. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
205. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
206. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
207. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
208. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text
209. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
210. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text Abstract
211. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
212. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text Abstract
213. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
214. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
215. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
216. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text
217. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
218. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
219. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
220. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text
221. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
222. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
223. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
224. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
225. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
226. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
227. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
228. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
229. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
230. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
231. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
232. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
233. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
234. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text Abstract
235. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
236. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
237. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
238. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
239. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
240. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
241. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
242. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
243. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer