Film Studies

South Somewhere Else: Decolonizing the Documentary, Cross-Cultural Collaborative Filmmaking in the Global South
This chapter will explore a variety of ways in which the figure of ‘the south’ has been documented in film cultures emerging across south-south relationships between Aotearoa/New Zealand, Australia, Latin America, and Southern Africa. Focusing on some localised, cross-cultural collaborative filmmaking projects, including some films by David Bradbury, Rodrigo Gonçalves and Dennis O'Rourke, this chapter will address not only the ways in which filmmakers in the southern hemisphere seek alternative methods to fashion culturally specific audio-visual works but also the ways in which this specificity pertains to broader issues of comparative documentary studies, including the categorising of these projects' methodologies within the global south register.

The Possible Worlds of VR Documentary
Producers have been drawn to virtual reality (VR) for its potential to render vivid experiences of nonfiction content. The politics of the platform's affective operation, particularly in relation to distant human others, has been analysed and critiqued. This chapter explores what is at play when that affective potential is deployed within mediated encounters with non-human species and speculative worlds. It considers case studies of VR projects that engage the temporal imagination and that reflect human entanglement with some of the other life forms that we share the planet with. In some of these projects, I argue, we can see the affective power of VR harnessed, not simply to provoke feeling, instead to trouble dominant ‘structures of feeling’ and support new formations of consciousness.

Audience Engagement: Streaming Factuality in the Nordic Region
Documentary audiences are hard at work finding and engaging in multiform factual content spread across a wide range of streaming platforms such as Netflix or YouTube. These entertainment platforms and the accompanying digital mess of generic labelling, algorithmic recommendations, and social media marketing, in many ways push audiences to the edge of their capacities. This chapter investigates how documentary and reality series are visible on entertainment platforms, and why factuality is valuable to audiences. In particular, a transregional (Nordic audiences) and a time sensitive case (Covid-19 crisis) is used to bring to the foreground the highly contextual, unstable, and social nature of factual genres such as documentary and reality series.

Saying More about Documentary? Notes on Formation, Continuity and Change in the Field of Study
This article looks at the development of teaching on documentary from the perspective of the author's own experience, beginning in the 1970s. It considers the construction of a syllabus, and both the range of readings and of screenings used in what became a rapidly expanding area of study. It reflects on the aims and theories that informed study, the key texts that helped development and examines the difference between Film Studies approaches and the broader frameworks used in media research. Finally, it considers what the formative periods of documentary studies might indicate about the direction and shape of its future.

Entertainment with a Purpose: Netflix and Documentary Today
Netflix was seen to have inaugurated a documentary ‘boom’ proving that should audiences have a chance to screen documentaries, they would end up liking them. This proved to be true. The streamer tended to purchase ‘surprise hits’ off the festival circuit, high-quality films that often make it onto the awards circuit. But Netflix is better known for its buzzy bingeable series, focused increasingly on True Crime, celebrity, and sports. Concerns are mounting now amongst filmmakers and scholars that the streamer, given its dependency on algorithmic calculations, is pushing the genre in an emotive, sensationalist direction, away from what many see as documentary's core purpose, its drive for visible evidence and for rational argument. And given Netflix's outsized influence, it may shape the genre in years to come.

The Case of Nuclear Documentary
The two worst disasters in the history of nuclear energy at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union in 1986 and Fukushima in Japan in 2011 were followed by reports calling for greater transparency in the interests of the safety of the planet. Part of the response to this call was to give access to documentary filmmakers to the nuclear landscapes created by these accidents. A wider effect has also involved greater access to operating sites with the recognition that the public consent required to operate, close, remediate, and renew nuclear sites requires openness. This chapter explores how the social issue documentary has evolved within the ‘zone of alienation’ and the ‘no man's zone’ and nuclear sites undergoing change. In so doing, the chapter discusses documentary filmmaking as an integral part of a liberal democracy or the “risk society”, as theorized by Ulrich Beck.

The Documentary Disposition
We live in a moment of epistemic crisis. Truth claims made by pubic officials and cultural producers alike seem more and more to require our sustained critique. This chapter interrogates the status of the documentary film to think about the very idea of truth-telling through media forms. It aims to discover something of the complex character of nonfiction film and media by way of the notion of “disposition,” a word that entered the English language in the 12th century and carries with it a multiplicity of meanings that encompass historical, formal, philosophical and ideological nuances.

From Testimony to the Cinema of Action in the Vídeo nas Aldeias Project
This paper reflects on the relationships established between the audio-moving image and Indigenous communities in Brazil, from the arrival and appropriation of video technologies to the development of documentary strategies. It is about expanding the ways of seeing and narrating with Indigenous people, engaging in a radical movement of image production aimed at allowing these subjects, traditionally objects of alterity, to ally themselves with filmmakers and develop their own images resulting in a cinema of action. Brazilian indigenous cinema is thus constituted as a complex field, mainly promoted by the ‘Vídeo nas Aldeias’ (Video in the Villages VNA) project. This paper explores the conceptual aspects involved in these practices, contextualizing their development, and focusing on its testimonial nature, considered as one of the strong axes of its execution.

Documentary Storytelling for Social Change in the Participatory Media Age: Understanding Non-fiction's Social Impact and Future Challenges
Documentaries often serve as a creative mechanism to advance social change and justice in the networked participatory media age. They do so through the intimacy of human-centered emotional narrative alongside the machinations of civil society, activist organizations, and communities that leverage documentaries in both social impact campaigns and organic calls for change. This chapter explains how contemporary documentaries, makers, and social impact teams have evolved their collaborative work together to advance social justice and change in the participatory media age; the cultural context behind the rise of these practices; methodologies by which researchers and engaged scholars can examine and study documentary's social influence; and challenges for the future of human rights activism in a media age dominated by corporate streaming networks. Grounded in theoretical foundations that combine narrative and entertainment persuasion, networked social movement theory, and participatory culture, this chapter also presents research methods to examine documentary's influence across the level of the story (audience) and public engagement (social justice activism).

The Intellect Handbook of Documentary
The Handbook of Documentary is an important go-to resource for practitioners, scholars and students in this burgeoning field. It tackles key topics and debates – from the role of documentary in post-truth culture to the rise of streaming giants (and the implications for national documentary cultures) and the shifting (increasingly hybrid) practices of documentary activism and the professionalization of impact. Featuring work by key figures in international documentary scholarship and talented emerging scholars, the Handbook is a landmark publication for documentary studies in the twenty-first century.
The Handbook is broad in its scope, incorporating historical, theoretical, empirical, and practical scholarship. It is organized around ten key themes/debates: What and where is documentary (studies)?; Documentary in an Age of epistemic uncertainty; Documentary histories; Documentary and the Archive; Audio/Visualities; Documentary Relationalities; Beyond the Anthropocene?; Digital/documentary practices; Documentary and (new) politics?; A golden age? Documentary distribution and funding. Importantly, the Handbook challenges the dominance of Western voices in documentary scholarship, incorporating the voices and practices of practitioners from the Global South.

Shadow Hollywood: Vertical drama and cross-cultural writing – How new models of drama production are impacting current screen industry practice
‘Vertical’ is a rapidly growing field of digital drama content that has found great success in category/genre fiction for mobile viewers in recent years. In this article, I discuss the background of Vertical, elements of Vertical content and my experience of directly applying findings from my Ph.D. research on cross-cultural writing to co-writing six Vertical series financed by Chinese app providers. I elaborate on some of the techniques and approaches from my research that can easily be adapted to intercultural screen content making. I also consider the value to emerging writers and screen practitioners of becoming skilled in new formats such as Vertical to serve the flexibility required for a career in the ever-evolving field of screenwriting.

Crafting characters: Screenplay archives from a star-studies perspective (Love Is My Profession, Claude Autant-Lara, 1958)
This article aims to demonstrate the value of applying a star-studies approach to the examination of screenplay archives. This methodological framework is illustrated through a case study of the documents from the collection deposited by director Claude Autant-Lara at the Swiss National Film Archive that relate to the genesis of the film Love Is My Profession (1958). This film is notable for its cast, which includes two leading stars: Jean Gabin, an established actor associated with classical cinema for over two decades, and Brigitte Bardot, a rising icon of the French New Wave. The study reveals how the multiple screenplay variants for this adaptation of a Simenon novel, successively drafted by Autant-Lara, Jean Aurenche and Pierre Bost, were partly shaped by the involvement of these two stars, whose participation was planned from the project’s inception. Examining specific choices among the many possibilities envisioned highlights the significance of considering screenplays within a socio-historical perspective. This analysis draws on a rich collection of documents including, for example, scattered notes written day by day by the filmmaker, or letters exchanged between him and his producer, who insisted that the romance between the characters played by the two stars take centre stage.
