Table 1

Summary of studies of the association of male circumcision and HSV-2 serostatus

First author	Design	Location, date  >of study	Study population	Study   >size	HSV-2	Circumcised	Assessment of  > circumcision	Crude RR*   >(95% CI)	Adjusted RR*   >(95% CI)	Adjusted for
*Rate ratio in references 24, 26. Odds ratio in references 45, 47; Prevalence ratio in references 25, 44, 45, 46, 48.
†Circumcision before sexual debut.
‡Nested HIV incident case-control study of HIV seroconvertors and matched seronegative controls.
Auvert⁴⁸	Cross sectional	Carltonville, South Africa 1999	Young adults aged 14–24 years	676	15%	3%	Self report	1.20 (0.48 to 2.96)	–
Gottlieb²⁴	Cohort	Five cities, USA 1993–6	STD clinic	1120	9%	71%†	Clinical examination	0.88 (0.5 to 1.4)	1.0 (0.6–1.6)	Age, race, city, HSV1 status, condom use with occasional partner
Gray²⁵‡	Nested case-control	Rakai, Uganda 1994–8	General	674	70%	18%†	Self report	0.82 (0.68 to 0.99)	0.81 (0.67 to 0.97)	Age, marital status, condom use, number of lifetime partners
Kapiga⁴⁷	Cross sectional	Moshi, Tanzania 2000	Bar workers	206	29%	95%	Clinical examination	1.07 (0.40 to 2.88)	0.56 (0.13 to 2.5)	Age only
Lavreys⁴³	Cross sectional	Mombasa, Kenya 1993–7	Trucking employees	113	46%	57%	Clinical examination	1.18 (0.78 to 1.79)	to
Obasi⁴⁴	Cross sectional	Mwanza, Tanzania 1992–3	General	133	23%	23%	Self report	0.68 (0.28 to 1.62)	0.39 (0.1 to 1.52)	Age, residence, mobility, marital status, lifetime partners, TPHA status
Reynolds²⁶	Cohort	Pune, India 1993–2000	STD clinic attenders	2298	14%	8%†	Clinical examination	0.89 (0.48 to 1.53)	0.91 (0.51 to 1.64)	Age, religion, education, living with family, year, marital status, number of sex partners, number of female sex worker partners, condom use, tattoos, medical injections
Suligoi⁴⁶	Cross sectional	Garoua, Cameroon 1997–8	Outpatients	82	24%	91%†	Self report	0.84 (0.24 to 2.90)	–
Weiss⁴⁵	Cross sectional	Kisumu, Kenya 1997	General	583	35%	27%†	Clinical examination	0.65 (0.47 to 0.90)	0.73 (0.47 to 1.13)	Age, marital status, ethnic group and number of lifetime partners.
Weiss⁴⁵	Cross sectional	Ndola, Zambia 1997	General	607	36%	9%†	Clinical examination	1.20 (0.81 to 1.77)	1.04 (0.74 to 1.44)	Age, marital status and number of lifetime partners.