Intestinal perforations, neuroinflammatory events and mortality (observational studies)
| Study ID | Registry | Intervention | Control | aHR (i vs C) | Risk of bias |
| Lower intestinal perforations | |||||
| Barbulescu et al 25 2020 | ARTIS | ABA | TNFi | 1.07 (0.55; 2.10) | Low |
| RTX | 0.89 (0.50; 1.58) | ||||
| TCZ | 2.20 (1.28; 3.79) | ||||
| Rempenault et al 26 2021 | FSR* | TCZ | RTX/ABA | 3.80 (1.10; 13.6) | Low |
| Neuroinflammatory events | |||||
| Kopp et al 60 2020 | ARTIS & DANBIO | TNFi | csDMARDs | 0.76 (0.44; 1.33) | Low |
| Taylor et al 61 2021 | BSRBR-RA | TNFi | General pop | SIR: 1.10 (0.71; 1.63) | Unclear |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| Akhlaghi et al 58 2019 | Mashhad | INF/ETA+MTX | MTX | 0.97 (0.86; 1.09) | Unclear |
| Bower et al 72 2021 | ARTIS | TNFi | csDMARDs | 0.57 (0.41; 0.79) | Low |
| ABA | 0.69 (0.39; 1.21) | ||||
| TCZ | 0.57 (0.27; 1.18) | ||||
| RTX | 1.04 (0.67; 1.63) | ||||
| JAKi | 0.80 (0.44; 1.45) | ||||
| All b/tsDMARD | 0.64 (0.48; 0.86) | ||||
| Faselis et al 68 2021 | Claims dataset | HCQ | Other csDMARD | 1.06 (0.84; 1.34) | High |
| Hsieh et al 70 2020 | Claims dataset | TCZ | RTX | 0.57 (0.34; 0.95) | High |
| ABA | 0.32 (0.15; 0.66) | ||||
| Khosrow-Khavar et al 69 2022 | Claims dataset | TOFA | TNFi | 1.20 (0.98; 1.46) | High |
| Kremer et al 71 2021 | CORRONA | TOFA | bDMARD | 0.91 (0.59; 1.42) | Low |
| Lee et al 59 2022 | Claims dataset | bDMARDs | General pop | SMR: 1.82 (1.69; 1.96) | High |
Values in bold highlight statistically significant effect sizes. Additional details in online supplemental tables S101–S117.
ABA, abatacept; ADA, adalimumab; aHR, adjusted HR; ARTIS, anti-Rheumatic Treatment in Sweden Register; bDMARD, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; BSRBR, British Society of Rheumatology Biologics Register; c, control; CORRONA, Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America; csDMARD, conventional synthetic DMARD; DANBIO, Danish nationwide quality registry; ETA, etanercept; FSR, French Society of Rheumatology; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; i, intervention; INF, infliximab; JAKi, JAK inhibitor; RTX, rituximab; TCZ, tocilizumab; TNFi, TNF inhibitor; TOFA, tofacitinib; tsDMARD, targeted synthetic DMARD.