Age, alcohol and education adjusted rate ratios (RR) by smoking status and betel quid chewing status
| Non-smoking and non-betel quid chewing | Smoking only (without betel quid) | Both habits (smoking and betel quid chewing) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | ICD-9 | No. of deaths | RR | No. of deaths | RR | 95% CI | No. of deaths | RR | 95% CI |
| *Malignant neoplasm of lip, oral cavity, and pharynx. | |||||||||
| IHD, ischaemic heart disease. | |||||||||
| All causes | 001–998 | 853 | 1.0 | 2004 | 1.3 | 1.2 to 1.4 | 1762 | 1.5 | 1.3 to 1.7 |
| All cancers | 140–208 | 201 | 1.0 | 486 | 1.3 | 1.1 to 1.6 | 83 | 1.7 | 1.3 to 2.2 |
| Oral cancer* | 140–149 | 10 | 1.0 | 35 | 2.1 | 1.0 to 4.2 | 16 | 5.9 | 2.6 to 13.5 |
| Cancer of nasopharynx | 147 | 9 | 1.0 | 18 | 1.3 | 0.6 to 3.0 | 8 | 4.2 | 1.5 to 11.4 |
| Cancer of oesophagus | 150 | 5 | 1.0 | 18 | 1.5 | 0.6 to 4.3 | 5 | 3.1 | 0.8 to 11.3 |
| Liver cancer | 155 | 61 | 1.0 | 120 | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.5 | 28 | 1.8 | 1.1 to 2.8 |
| Lung cancer | 162 | 37 | 1.0 | 135 | 2.0 | 1.4 to 3.0 | 20 | 2.5 | 1.4 to 4.3 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 390–459 | 229 | 1.0 | 567 | 1.4 | 1.2 to 1.6 | 46 | 1.1 | 0.8 to 1.6 |
| IHD (⩽64 years) | 410–414 | 32 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.4 | 0.9 to 2.2 | 7 | 1.0 | 0.5 to 2.4 |
| Stroke (⩽64 years) | 430–438 | 64 | 1.0 | 171 | 1.4 | 1.0 to 1.8 | 22 | 1.3 | 0.8 to 2.2 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 571 | 28 | 1.0 | 76 | 1.5 | 1.0 to 2.4 | 20 | 2.5 | 1.3 to 4.6 |