Factors associated with adverse drug events, medication errors and preventable adverse drug events
| No. of residents | n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI)* | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | |
|
Adverse drug events
Factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <85 | 166 | 128 (77) | – | – |
| ≥85 | 293 | 208 (71) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 115 | 88 (77) | – | – |
| Female | 344 | 248 (72) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.3) |
| Dementia | ||||
| Present | 406 | 303 (75) | – | – |
| Absent | 53 | 33 (63) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.02) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) |
| Medication† | ||||
| <5 | 241 | 154 (64) | – | – |
| ≥5 | 218 | 182 (83) | 2.9 (1.8 to 4.5) | 2.2 (1.4 to 3.7) |
| Psychotropic drug use† | ||||
| <1 | 234 | 142 (61) | – | – |
| ≥1 | 225 | 194 (86) | 4.1 (2.6 to 6.4) | 3.5 (2.1 to 5.8) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||
| <3 | 313 | 232 (74) | – | – |
| ≥3 | 146 | 104 (71) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) |
| Barthel Index | ||||
| ≥85 | 100 | 67 (67) | – | – |
| ≥60, <85 | 113 | 83 (73) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) | 1.8 (0.9 to 3.5) |
| ≥40, <60 | 100 | 84 (84) | 2.6 (1.3 to 5.1) | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.5) |
| <40 | 146 | 102 (70) | 1.1 (0.7 to 2.0) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) |
|
Medication errors
Factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <85 | 166 | 53 (32) | – | – |
| ≥85 | 293 | 124 (42) | 1.6 (1.05 to 2.3) | 1.6 (1.04 to 2.4) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 115 | 49 (42) | – | – |
| Female | 344 | 128 (37) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.2) |
| Dementia | ||||
| Present | 406 | 159 (39) | – | – |
| Absent | 53 | 18 (34) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) |
| Medication† | ||||
| <5 | 241 | 76 (32) | – | – |
| ≥5 | 218 | 101 (46) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.7) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.7)) |
| Psychotropic drug use† | ||||
| <1 | 234 | 82 (35) | – | – |
| ≥1 | 225 | 95 (42) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||
| <3 | 313 | 120 (38) | – | – |
| ≥3 | 146 | 57 (39) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Barthel Index | ||||
| ≥85 | 100 | 27 (27) | – | – |
| ≥60, <85 | 113 | 39 (35) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) |
| ≥40, <60 | 100 | 49 (49) | 2.6 (1.4 to 4.7) | 2.4 (1.3 to 4.5) |
| <40 | 146 | 62 (42) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.5) | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.9) |
|
Preventable adverse drug events
Factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <85 | 166 | 36 (22) | – | – |
| ≥85 | 293 | 84 (29) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) | 1.6 (0.97 to 2.5) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 115 | 36 (31) | – | – |
| Female | 344 | 84 (24) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.0) |
| Dementia | ||||
| Present | 406 | 111 (27) | – | – |
| Absent | 53 | 9 (17) | 0.5 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.9) |
| Medication† | ||||
| <5 | 241 | 48 (20) | – | – |
| ≥5 | 218 | 72 (33) | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.0) |
| Psychotropic drug use† | ||||
| <1 | 234 | 48 (21) | – | – |
| ≥1 | 225 | 72 (32) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.8) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||
| <3 | 313 | 87 (28) | – | – |
| ≥3 | 146 | 33 (23) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.6 (0.4 to 1.1) |
| Barthel Index | ||||
| ≥85 | 100 | 18 (18) | – | – |
| ≥60, <85 | 113 | 28 (25) | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.9) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.3) |
| ≥40, <60 | 100 | 35 (35) | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.7) | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.9) |
| <40 | 146 | 39 (27) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) | 2.1 (1.05 to 4.0) |
Significant differences are shown in bold.
*Adjusted OR was calculated using a multivariate logistic regression model that included all listed variables.
†Until study commencement.
–, reference.