Employee characteristics per study group at baseline
| Sociodemographic characteristics | PSI (n=41) | CAU (n=59) | ||
| Age, years, m (SD) | 42.66 | (10.39) | 44.00 | (9.64) |
| Female, n (%) | 37 | (90) | 43 | (73) |
| Children, n (%) | 23 | (56) | 39 | (66) |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Primary/secondary education | 14 | (34) | 20 | (34) |
| Higher education/university | 27 | (66) | 39 | (66) |
| Work-private life balance, m (SD) | ||||
| Work influences private life | 3.20 | (1.23) | 3.42 | (.91) |
| Private life influences work | 1.98 | (0.99) | 2.27 | (1.05) |
| Employer, n (%) | ||||
| Municipality, county, state* | 38 | (93) | 39 | (66) |
| Private business | 3 | (7) | 20 | (34) |
| Ordinary working hours | ||||
| Full-time (40 h/week) | 31 | (76) | 52 | (88) |
| Part-time (<40 h/week) | 10 | (24) | 7 | (12) |
| Presenteeism, n (%) | ||||
| No presenteeism | 5 | (12) | 8 | (14) |
| Presenteeism (1 or more times) | 36 | (88) | 51 | (86) |
| HAD, n (%) | ||||
| Depression | 15 | (37) | 26 | (44) |
| Mild depression | 8 | (20) | 16 | (27) |
| No depression | 18 | (44) | 17 | (29) |
| Anxiety | 20 | (49) | 26 | (44) |
| Mild anxiety | 13 | (32) | 25 | (42) |
| No anxiety | 8 | (19) | 8 | (14) |
| S-ED, n (%) | ||||
| Moderate/pronounced ED | 31 | (76) | 40 | (68) |
| No ED | 10 | (24) | 18 | (31) |
| DCSQ, m (SD) | ||||
| Demand | 3.04 | (0.55) | 3.13 | (.53) |
| Control | 3.18 | (0.36) | 2.88 | (.43) |
| Support | 3.12 | (0.60) | 2.95 | (.55) |
| Stress, m (SD) | 3.98 | (0.89) | 4.05 | (.90) |
| Production loss due to ill health, m (SD) | 6.20 | (2.78) | 6.51 | (2.37) |
| Production loss due to work environment problems, m (SD) | 6.24 | (3.22) | 6.64 | (3.15) |
| Registered sickness absence†, n (%) | ||||
| No sickness absence | 20 | (49) | 31 | (53) |
| Sickness absence | 21 | (51) | 28 | (47) |
| Diagnoses‡, n (%) | ||||
| Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders | 17 | (41) | 24 | (41) |
| Other CMDs§ | 4 | (10) | 4 | (7) |
*Three individuals in PSI and seven employees in CAU were employed by the state.
†In Sweden, sickness absence benefits or disability pension is given for individuals with work-related income for 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of the employee’s ordinary working hours. The first 14 days of a sickness period, the employer pays approximately 80% of the daily wages of the employee. From day 15 to 90, the employer pays 10% and the SSIA approximately 80%. After 90 days employee compensation is received from the SSIA depending on degree of work ability.37
‡Data on diagnoses are obtained from register data from SSIA. Not all participating employees were on sick leave at baseline.
§Other anxiety disorders, single depressive episode and problems related to life management difficulty.
CAU, care as usual; CMD, common mental disorder; DCSQ, Demand Control Support Questionnaire; ED, Exhaustion Disorder; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; PSI, problem-solving intervention; S-ED, self-reported exhaustion disorder; SSIA, Swedish Social Insurance Agency.