Studies comparing psychogenic non-epileptic seizures with other functional neurological symptoms
| Study | Sample (PNES/FNS) | Differences (PNES >FNS) |
| Stone et al 16 | 20/30 | Younger; more single, childless, educated, borderline personality disorder, parental divorce, CSA, life events preceding onset; less somatoform history and parental warmth |
| Reuber et al 17 | 30/29 | More histories of all trauma and non-sexual trauma |
| Grimaldi et al 18 | 9/8 | None |
| Strutt et al 19 | 22/17 | More dissociative amnesia, abuse, depression symptoms; greater attribution of control of their condition to others (non-physicians) |
| Driver-Dunckley et al 21 | 116/56 | Younger, younger age at onset; more CSA and other abuse, life events preceding onset; less educated, anxiety |
| Hopp et al)22 | 35/104 | Younger; more female |
| Ludwig et al 23 | 107/40 | Younger age at onset; more endorsement of stress and psychological causes, family impact, effective treatment |
| Demartini et al 24 | 20/20 | Higher dissociation (measured on DES and CDS); less compartmentalisation (SDQ) |
CDS, Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale; CSA, childhood sexual abuse; DES, Dissociative Experiences Scale; FNS, functional neurological symptoms; PNES, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures; SDQ, somatoform dissociation questionnaire.