Footnotes

• Contributors Study concept and design: RAO, RSP, SBB, NG, AM, KM, RNA and MG. Acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data: all authors. Drafting of the manuscript: RAO, RSP and SBB. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all authors. Statistical analysis: RAO and RSP. Administrative, technical or material support: RAO, RSP, HMS, AM, RNA, SE, DR, NG and SBB. Study supervision: RSP, SBB, NG and KM. Obtained funding: RSP, KM, NG and SBB.

• Funding This study was funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS-K02NS073836).

• Competing interests SBB and RS-P have received consulting fees from Denali Therapeutics Inc. RNA has received consulting fees from Denali, Biogen and Genzyme/Sanofi. NG serves as a member of the Editorial Board for the Journal of Parkinson's Disease. He serves as consultant to Sionara, Accelmed, Teva, NeuroDerm, IntecPharma, Pharma2B, Denali and Abbvie. He receives royalties from Lysosomal Therapeutics (LTI) and payment for lectures at Teva, UCB, Abbvie, Sanofi-Genzyme, Bial and Movement Disorder Society. NG received research support from the Michael J Fox Foundation, the National Parkinson Foundation, the European Union 7th Framework Program and the Israel Science Foundation as well as from Teva NNE program, Biogen, LTI, and Pfizer.

• Patient consent Not required.

• Ethics approval Tel Aviv Medical Center Ethical Committee, CUIMC Institutional Review Board and Mount Sinai Beth Israel Institutional Review Board.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

• Data sharing statement Data were taken from the MJFF-funded Ashkenazi Jewish LRRK2 Consortium study.