Footnotes

• AMG and TLE are joint first authors.

• MA and AP are joint senior authors.

• Twitter @MPLS_CCDOR, @tammyeaton17

• Contributors All authors made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published; and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

• Funding This work was supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) (grant K12HS026379); the National Institutes of Health’s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (grant KL2TR002492); and the Veterans Administration Health Services Research and Development COVID-19 Observational Research Collaboratory (C19-21-278) and IIR 17-045. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government, AHRQ, PCORI or Minnesota Learning Health System Mentored Career Development Program (MN-LHS).

• Competing interests None declared.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.