The study includes at least 20% undergraduate medical students (but can be a mix between, eg, medical students and residents or other health profession students).

The study includes faculty involved in undergraduate medical education.

Only postgraduate/post-registration medical graduates (eg, residents).

Students from other health professions.

Community members/patients.

Any intervention aimed at intervening within the system of medical education, the medical curriculum or other aspects of the medical school.

Interventions aimed to teach medical students about health economics and cost-efficiency.

Interventions employing medical students as health workers to reduce costs in patient care (eg, employing students as medical scribes).

Interventions that take place outside of the medical school setting or that do not address aspects of medical education, medical student life or the medical school setting.

Any comparator. A comparison must be made in order to report incremental costs and benefits.

No comparator (eg, cost-analysis or a description of an intervention).

Any reported incremental cost (eg, monetary cost or time invested by faculty) and effect (eg, quality-adjusted life years or academic performance) that is numerically quantified.

Qualitative descriptions of costs or cost-effectiveness (eg, staff considered the intervention cost-effective).

Analyses that only report costs, or only report effects, or only report these for the intervention arm.

Economic evaluations: cost-utility analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-minimalisation analysis.

Decision-analytic models.

Alongside trial cost-effectiveness analysis.

Not an economic evaluation.

Cost analysis (no effects).

Opinion papers, reviews, letters to the editor, conference abstracts.

Not available in English.