Potential psychological predictors of pain recurrence and exacerbation in non-specific low back pain
| Potential psychological predictors | Description | Example questionnaire(s) |
| Fear of movement | The fear of pain or re-injury associated with movement | Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia62
Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire63 |
| Coping strategies | Methods individuals used to manage stress and pain | Coping strategy questionnaire64
Pain coping inventory65 |
| Self-efficacy | Confidence in one’s ability to manage pain effectively | Pain self-efficacy questionnaire66 |
| Pain catastrophising | Tendency to magnify or focus on pain-related thoughts | Pain catastrophising scale67 |
| Anxiety and depression | Emotional states that may affect pain and recovery | Hospital anxiety and depression scale68 |