Potential physical predictors of pain recurrence and exacerbation in non-specific low back pain
| Potential physical predictors | Outcome of measurement |
| Lumbar kinematic features | Active range of motion Speed of movement Smoothness of movement |
| Muscle activity | Amplitude of muscle activity Timing of activation Muscle coactivation |
| Proprioception | Reposition error |
| Muscle properties | Total cross-sectional area Index of fatty tissue Connective tissue changes |
| Motor output | Muscle strength Endurance or fatigue |
| Pain sensitivity | Pain pressure threshold Conditioned pain modulation Temporal summation of pain Hot and cold detection threshold Hot and cold pain threshold |