Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies

Author, year,* countryStudy designSample size (N)Age, years (mean±SD）Female N (%)Outcome ascertainmentResearch periodStroke reference periodAdjusted risk factors†NOS‡/
AHRQ scores§
Zhang Qin et al 2020, China36Cross-sectional study2216 0.13±8.72†88 (39.8)†The self-made questionnaire, ADL, SAS, SDS, SFES-IMay 2017–January 2019The first-onset stroke recovery period

  1. Age

  2. Marital status

  3. History of falls

  4. Anxiety

  5. Depression

4
Li Ying et al 2014,
China34		Case-control study17073.54†
Male: 73.0±8.4
Female: 74.2±7.6		76 (44.70)†The self-made questionnaire, MMSE, The single-item question, MFES, BBS, TUGTMarch 2013–August 2013Medically diagnosed

  1. Berg balance force (min)

  2. TUG mobile capability(s)

  3. History of falls within six metres

9
Yadav et al 2020, India40Case–control study8251.6±12.13†22 (26.8)TUGT, FM, PHQ-9, the single-item question23 August-10 February 2019.Patients with cerebral stroke for more than 3 months

  1. Fugl-Meyer Scale score

  2. Timed Up and Go score

8
Amanda Larén et al 2018, Sweden14Prospective cohort study46274.8±12226 (48.9)The single-item question, the SwePASS, SGPALS, using a walking aid and/or a wheelchair, NIHSS1 October 2014–30 June 2016.Patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of a first-ever or recurrent clinical stroke, acute stroke

  1. Female

  2. SwePASS total score ＜24

  3. Using a walking aid

8
Schinkel-Ivy et al 2016, Canada41Case-control study208FoF: 68.6±11.6
No FoF: 65.3±13.6		FoF:52 (61.9)
No FoF:
43 (34.7)		The single-item question, ABCOctober 2009 and September 2012In-patient stroke rehabilitation

  1. Grasp reactions

  2. Assists

7
Goh et al 2016, China64Case-control study12566.6±6.926 (35)FAC, FM, BBS, MoCA, PHQ-9, FES-I, FSSNRAged 60 years or older, had stroke onset more than 3 months agoFAC ≤47
Beliz Belgen et al 2006,
Sweden37		Cross-sectional study5059.9±11.919 (38)The single-item question, FES-S, STS, FMA, BBS, TUGT, SIS mood and emotionNRThey had a stroke onset more than 1 month priorHistory of falls6
Netha Hussain et al 2021
Sweden35		Prospective cohort study27975.83±11.17
FoF:
78.05±11.13
No FoF: 74.22±10.95		Total:143 (51.3)
FoF:71 (60.7)
No FoF: 72 (44.4)		NIHSS, MoCA, the single-item question, SwePASS, SGPALSBetween 1 October 2014 and 30 June 2016All the Falls GOT cohort participants were still alive 6 months after a stroke.

  1.  Age

  2.  Female

  3.  History of falls

  4.  Use of walking aid

  5.  SwePASS score (0–24)

  6.  SGPALS score--Physically inactive

8

  • *Year of publication of the study.

  • †Data as reported by the authors.

  • ‡The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

  • §The instrument Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

  • ABC, The Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; ADL, The modified Barthel Index; BBS, The Berg Balance Scale; FAC, The Functional Ambulation Category; FES-I, Fall Efficacy Scale International; FES-S, Falls Efficacy Scale–Swedish Version; FM/FMA, The Fugl-Meyer Scale; FoF, fear of falling; FSS, The Fatigue Severity Scale; MFES, The Modified Fall Efficacy Scale; MMSE, The mini-mental state examination; MoCA, The Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NIHSS, The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ; NR, not reported; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire−9; S-AI, State Anxiety Inventory ; SAS, The Self-rating Anxiety Scale; CES-D Scale, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SDS, The Self-rating Depression Scale; SFES-I, Short Falls Efficacy Scale International; SGPALS, the Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale; SIS, Stroke Impact Scale; SSRS, Social Support Rating Scale; STS, timed sit-to-stand test; The SwePASS, the Swedish modified version of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke; T-AI, Trait Anxiety Inventory; TUGT, The Timed Up and Go test.