Table 3

Studies organised according to nudge ladder

Nudge ladderStudySignificant effect in the hypothesised direction?Majority in category significant?
Provide informationMeeker et al50 USA—Arm 1N.S.No
Persell et al60 USA— Arm 2N.S.
Sedrak et al62 USAN.S.
Szilagyi et al67 USAN.S.
Frame informationAllen et al36 USAp<0.001Yes
Andereck et al37 USAp<0.01
Buntinx et al40 Belgiump<0.05
Hemkens et al43 SwitzerlandN.S.
Hempel et al44 USAp<0.05
Lewis et al48 UKp=0.002
Meeker et al50 USA– Arm 2p<0.001
Meeker et al50 USA– Arm 3p<0.001
Nguyen and Davis51 USAp<0.001
O’Reilly-Shah et al52— Arm 1p=0.002
O’Reilly-Shah et al52— Arm 2p<0.001
Parrino55 USAN.S.
Persell et al60 USA— Arm 1N.S.
Persell et al60 USA— Arm 3N.S.
Ryskina et al61 USAN.S.
Sacarny et al20 USAp<0.001
Shively et al64, USAp<0.001
Suffoletto and Landau66 USAN.S.
Trent et al68, USAp<0.05
Winickoff et al70 USA— Study 1N.S.
Winickoff et al70 USA— Study 2N.S.
Winickoff et al70 USA— Study 3p<0.001
Prompt implementation commitmentsKullgren et al47 USAN.S.No
Meeker et al49 USAp<0.05
Enable choiceBourdeaux et al39 UKp<0.001 for bothYes
Hsiang et al45 USA<0.001
Kim et al46 USAp<0.001
Orloski et al54 USAp<0.0001
Patel et al73 USAp<0.001
Patel et al57 USAp<0.001
Patel et al56 USAp<0.001
Patel et al59 USA— Arm 1N.S.
Zwank et al72 USAN.S.
Guide choice through defaults
Chiu et al41 USAp<0.01Yes
Delgado et al42 USAp<0.001
Olson et al53 USAp<0.001
Patel et al58 USAp<0.001
Sharma et al63 USAp=0.004
Zivin et al71 USAp<0.04

  • Articles that included multiple intervention treatment groups, studies or study arms are described.