Definition of exclusion criteria
| Exclusion criteria | Definition |
| Images or signal studies | Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model for enhancing the reading of images, pathological samples or signals. The purpose of these articles is to improve the accuracy of an instrument rather than providing a clinical outcome. |
| Only genetic and/or molecular predictors | Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model using only genetic and/or molecular candidate predictors. These articles are often based on high-dimensional data and unsupervised ML techniques. |
| Prognostic factors studies | Articles that report the identification of prognostic factors associated with a clinical outcome in an individual. |
| Secondary research | Articles that report narrative reviews, systematic reviews about prediction model studies in a specific medical field. Guidelines, expert’s opinions and letters to the editor will also be excluded. |
| Conference abstract | Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model presented in a conference. Such articles, by definition, do not report all the information required for assessment. |
| Full text not available | Articles that report the development and/or validation of a prediction model for which full text is not accessible online. |
ML, machine learning.