Table 1

Behaviour change techniques adopted within aLiFE and eLiFE

Behaviour change techniques*aLiFE contenteLiFE content
1. Goals and planning
 1.1 Goal setting (behaviour—which activities, where and how often)Daily routine chart, activity plannerApp content (planning screens), instructor
 1.2 Problem solvingManual, instructorApp content, instructor
 1.3 Goal setting (outcome—long term)Paper form, instructorApp content (planning screens), instructor
 1.4 Action planningActivity planner, instructorApp content (planning screens), instructor
 1.5 Review behavioural goalsActivity planner, activity counterApp content (daily reporting)
 1.6 Discrepancy between current behaviour and goalPaper form, activity plannerApp content (motivational messaging, activity reporting)
 1.7 Review outcome goalsPaper form, activity planner, activity counter, instructorApp content (motivational messaging, activity reporting)
2. Feedback and monitoring
 2.2 Feedback on behaviourInstructorApp content (real-time feedback)
 2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviourActivity planner, activity counterApp content (activity reporting)
 2.4 Self-monitoring of outcomes of behaviourActivity planner, activity counterApp content (motivational messaging)
 2.6 BiofeedbackNot includedSystem components (accelerometer) and app content (feedback screens)
 2.7 Feedback on outcomes of behaviourInstructorApp content (real-time feedback)
3. Social support
 3.1 Social supportInstructorApp content (motivational messaging)
4. Shaping knowledge
 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviourManual, instructorApp content (text, pictures, videos)
5. Natural consequences
 5.1 Information about health consequencesManualApp content (motivational messaging)
 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequencesManualApp content (motivational messaging)
6. Comparison of behaviour
 6.1 Demonstrate the behaviourManual (text, pictures), instructorApp content (text, pictures, videos)
 6.2 Social comparisonNot includedApp content (motivational messaging)
 6.3 Information about others’ approvalNot includedApp content (motivational messaging)
7. Associations
 7.1 Prompts/cuesManual, instructorApp content (planning screens)
8. Repetition and substitution
 8.1 Behavioural practice/rehearsalManual, instructorApp content (planning screens, real-time feedback, motivational messaging)
 8.3 Habit formationManual, instructor, activity planner, activity counterApp content (planning screens, real-time feedback, motivational messaging)
 8.6 Generalisation of a target behaviourManual, instructor, daily routine chart, activity plannerApp content (motivational messaging)
 8.7 Graded tasksManual, instructorApp content (planning screens, real-time feedback, motivational messaging)
10. Reward and threat
 10.10 Reward (outcome)InstructorApp content (real-time feedback, motivational messaging)
 10.3 Non-specific rewardInstructorApp content (real-time feedback, motivational messaging)
12. Antecedents
 12.1 Restructuring the physical environmentManual, instructorApp content (planning screens, motivational messaging)
 12.2 Restructuring the social environmentManual, instructorApp content (planning screens, motivational messaging)
15. Self-belief
 15.1 Verbal persuasion about capabilityNot includedApp content (motivational messaging)
 15.3 Focus on past successNot includedApp content (motivational messaging)

  • *Using Michie et al.23

  • aLiFE, adapted LiFE; eLiFE, enhanced LiFE.