Association between women’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and mental health disorders (MHDs) (n=921)*
| Form of intimate partner violence | Major depressive episode in the past 2 weeks | Major depressive episode in earlier periods | Generalised anxiety disorder | Suicidal ideation | Post-traumatic stress disorder | ||||||||||
| n | % | aOR (95% CI) | n | % | aOR (95% CI) | n | % | aOR (95% CI) | n | % | aOR (95% CI) | n | % | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Physical violence | |||||||||||||||
| No | 81 | 9.8 | 1 | 62 | 7.5 | 1 | 151 | 18.2 | 1 | 76 | 9.3 | 1 | 55 | 6.6 | 1 |
| Yes | 29 | 30.9 | 3.73 (2.00 to 7.14) | 26 | 27.7 | 4.43 (2.17 to 9.05) | 31 | 33.0 | 2.02 (1.12 to 3.17) | 22 | 23.7 | 3.16 (1.53 to 6.52) | 19 | 20.2 | 4.52 (2.14 to 9.58) |
| Psychological violence | |||||||||||||||
| No | 70 | 9.2 | 1 | 52 | 6.8 | 1 | 126 | 16.5 | 1 | 66 | 8.7 | 1 | 43 | 5.6 | 1 |
| Yes | 40 | 25.2 | 3.52 (1.98 to 6.26) | 36 | 40.9 | 3.99 (2.08 to 7.67) | 56 | 35.7 | 3.26 (1.99 to 5.34) | 32 | 20.5 | 2.89 (1.51 to 5.55) | 31 | 19.7 | 6.29 (3.18 to 12.46) |
| Sexual violence | |||||||||||||||
| No | 86 | 10.3 | 1 | 64 | 7.7 | 1 | 142 | 17.1 | 1 | 74 | 9.0 | 1 | 49 | 5.9 | 1 |
| Yes | 24 | 27.0 | 2.57 (1.28 to 5.18) | 24 | 27.0 | 2.65 (1.23 to 5.73) | 40 | 44.9 | 3.45 (1.91 to 6.25) | 24 | 27.3 | 3.04 (1.40 to 6.60) | 25 | 28.1 | 6.22 (2.98 to 12.92) |
| Controlling behaviour | |||||||||||||||
| No | 47 | 7.2 | 1 | 30 | 4.6 | 1 | 87 | 13.4 | 1 | 44 | 6.9 | 1 | 29 | 4.5 | 1 |
| Yes | 44 | 27.0 | 7.06 (3.78 to 13.20) | 36 | 23.3 | 9.17 (4.22 to 19.93) | 68 | 41.7 | 5.90 (3.54 to 9.82) | 38 | 23.6 | 6.28 (3.20 to 12.33) | 31 | 19.0 | 6.90 (3.15 to 15.12) |
*Values are adjusted ORs with their 95% CIs from multivariable logistic regression models. They indicate the differences in likelihood of meeting the diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode in the past 2 weeks, major depressive episode in earlier periods, generalised anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation and post-traumatic stress disorder in different categories of women who reported exposure to IPV compared with the reference groups of women who did not report any exposure to IPV. All values are adjusted for woman and husband’s age and education, social support, household assets, marital status and alcohol consumption.