Characteristics of included studies
| First author | Year | No. of participants | Mean age (years) | Duration of symptoms | Psychological factor | Outcome measure: pain intensity | Outcome measure: disability | Data collection (follow-up) | Study design |
| Badcock et al 52 | 2002 | 4002 (304 with unilateral shoulder pain) (142 completed the follow-up) | 47.7 | ≥1 year to ≤3 years | Anxiety (HADS-A); depressive symptoms (HADS-D); emotional distress (HADS) | Pain intensity (5-point Likert scale) | Disability (disability questionnaire) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 24 months | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Chester et al 22 | 2016 | 1030 (772 completed all follow-ups) | 57 (SD 15) | 14 months (SD 28) | Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ); expectations of recovery (not reported); anxiety (not reported); depressive symptoms (not reported) | Pain intensity (SPADI and QuickDASH) | Disability (SPADI and QuickDASH) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 weeks; (T3) 6 months | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Cho et al 39 | 2015 | 58 (47 completed all follow-ups) | 57 (SD 8) | 25 months (SD 36) | Anxiety (HADS-A); depressive symptoms (HADS-D); sleep disturbances (PSQI) | Pain intensity (VAS) | Disability (ASES) | (T1) at baseline (before surgery); (T2) 3 months; (T3) 6 months; (T4) 12 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Cho et al 40 | 2017 | 60 (46 completed the follow-up) | 65.7 (SD 10.1) | 8.0 years (SD 9.8 years) | Anxiety (HADS-A); depressive symptoms (HADS-D) | Pain intensity (VAS) | Disability (ASES) | (T1) at baseline (before surgery); (T2) 3 months; (T3) 6 months; (T4) 12 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Coronado et al 53 | 2017 | 78 (63 completed the follow-up) | 38.8 (SD 14.9) | <6 months | Pain catastrophising (PCS); fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ); optimism (LOT-R) | Pain intensity (BPI) | Disability (Penn-F) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 3 months | L (secondary data analysis) |
| Dekker et al 41 | 2016 | 86 (44 completed all follow-ups) | 53.6 (depressed group); 56.2 (non-depressed group) | >3 months | Anxiety (HADS-A); depressive symptoms (HADS-D) | Pain intensity (VAS and OSS) | Disability (OSS) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 weeks; (T3) 6 months after surgery | L (retrospective cohort study) |
| Ekeberg et al 51 | 2010 | 106 (104 completed the follow-up) | 52 (SD 12) | Between 6 months and >24 months | Emotional distress (HSCL); self-efficacy for pain (7-point ordinal scale); expectations of recovery (7-point ordinal scale) | Pain intensity (SPADI) | Disability (SPADI) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 weeks after intervention | L (secondary data analysis) |
| Engebretsen et al 54 | 2010 | 104 (94 completed the follow-up) | 48 (SD 10.7) | 3 months ->12 months | Emotional distress (HSCL); pain self-efficacy (four items from ASES) | Pain intensity (SPADI) | Disability (SPADI) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 12 months | L (prospective cohort study) |
| George et al 36 | 2008 | 59 (47 completed the follow-up) | 50.3 (SD 15.0) | >3 months | Fear of pain (FPQ-III); kinesiophobia (TSK-11); pain catastrophising (PCS); anxiety (STAI) | Pain intensity (BPI) | - | (T1) at baseline (presurgery); (T2) 3–5 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Gill et al 23 | 2013 | 2337 (206 with CSP completed all follow-ups) | 51.1 (SD 3.0) | >3 months | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | Pain intensity (SPADI) | Disability (SPADI) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) median 48 months | Longitudinal (prospective cohort study) |
| Henn et al 20 | 2007 | 125 | 56.2 (SD 11.4) | 16.0 months (SD 25.9) | Preoperative expectations (MODEMS) | Pain intensity (VAS and DASH) | Disability (SST, VAS and DASH) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 12 months after surgery | Longitudinal (retrospective cohort study) |
| Jawa et al 42 | 2016 | 74 | 60.8 | >3 months | Preoperative expectations (list of 10 items) | Pain intensity (VAS) | Disability (ASES) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) minimum of 36 months after surgery | Longitudinal (retrospective cohort study) |
| Karlsson et al 55 | 2016 | 57 | 43 (SD 8.5) | 8.5 years | Anxiety (HADS-A); depressive symptoms (HADS-D); pain catastrophising (PCS); fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ); general self-efficacy (GSES); pain self-efficacy (PSEQ); pain acceptance (CPAQ) | Pain intensity (NRS) | – | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 46 months; (T3) 12 months after intervention | Longitudinal (secondary data analysis) |
| Koorevaar et al 43 | 2016 | 315 | 52 (SD 16) | 32 months (SD 40) | Emotional distress, anxiety, depressive symptoms and somatisation (4DSQ) | Pain intensity (DASH and 7-point Likert scale) | Disability (DASH and 7-point Likert scale) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 12 months after surgery | Longitudinal (prospective cohort study) |
| Kromer et al 24 | 2014 | 90 (88 completed the follow-up) | 51.8 (SD 11.2) | 84.7% >3 months | Pain catastrophising (PCS); fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) | – | Disability (SPADI) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 3 months after intervention | Longitudinal (prospective cohort study) |
| Macfarlane et al 56 | 1998 | 135 (92 completed the follow-up) | 18–74 | >3 months | Emotional distress (GHQ) | Pain intensity (one item: "Do you have shoulder pain today?”) | Disability (disability questionnaire) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 36 months | Longitudinal (prospective cohort study) |
| Oh et al 21 | 2012 | 128 | 58.8 | >3 months | Preoperative expectations (MODEMS); preoperative concerns (64 items with a 4-point Likert scale) | – | Disability (SST and Constant-Murley score) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) mean 13.7 months (ranging 12–37 months) after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Potter et al 44 | 2015 | 89 (70 completed the follow-up) | 60 (SD 2) | >3 months | Emotional distress (DRAM divided in: ZUNG questionnaire and MSPQ) | Pain intensity (VAS) | Disability (ASES) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 12 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Razmjou et al 45 | 2011 | 185 (160 completed the follow-up) | 57 (SD 11) | Mean 43.42–46.48 months | Preoperative expectations (MODEMS) | – | Disability (WORC, ASES and QuickDASH) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Reilingh et al 25 | 2008 | 587 (242 with chronic shoulder pain at baseline) | 52.9 (SD 13.3) | >3 months | Pain catastrophising, coping with pain, internal and external locus of control (PCCL); anxiety, depressive symptoms, somatisation, and emotional distress (4DSQ) | Pain intensity (NRS) | Disability (SDQ) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 weeks; (T3) 3 months; (T4) 6 months | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Styron et al 46 | 2015 | 467 (436 complete the follow-up) | 66.6 (SD 10.3) | 20.9 months | Expectations of recovery (10-point Likert scale); | Pain intensity (PSS pain subscore) | Disability (PSS function subscore and SF-12-PCS score) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 6 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Tokish et al 47 | 2017 | 70 | 65 (SD 10) | >3 months | Resilience (BRS) | Pain intensity (ASES) | Disability (ASES, SANE and Penn) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 24 months (minimum) after surgery | L (retrospective cohort study) |
| Valencia et al 37 | 2011 | 59 (48 completed the follow-up) | 50.39 (SD 14.92) | >3 months | Depressive symptoms (BDI); anxiety (STAI); pain catastrophising (PCS) | Pain intensity (BPI) | – | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 3 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Valencia et al 38 | 2014 | 78 (73 completed all follow-ups) | 43.25 (SD) to 51.35 (SD 20.73) | 68.98 (SD 68.59) to 88.78 (SD 137.13) weeks | Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9); pain catastrophising (PCS) | Pain intensity (BPI) | Disability (DASH) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 3 months (T2) 6 months after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
| Werner et al 48 | 2016 | 150 | 71.6 (SD 8.8) | >3 months | Depressive symptoms (from database registry) | Pain intensity (ASES) | Disability (ASES) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 24 months (minimum) after surgery | L (retrospective cohort study) |
| Werner et al 49 | 2017 | 616 | 67.0 (SD 7.4) | >3 months | Depressive symptoms (measurement instrument not reported) | Pain intensity (ASES) | Disability (ASES, SF-12-PCS) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 24 months after surgery | L (retrospective cohort study) |
| Yeoman et al50 | 2012 | 31 | 54.6 | 26 months | Depressive symptom (HADS-D); anxiety (HADS-A) | Pain intensity (VAS) | Disability (OSS) | (T1) at baseline; (T2) 2 weeks; (T3) 3 weeks; (T4) 6 weeks after surgery | L (prospective cohort study) |
4DSQ, the 50-item Four-Dimensional Symptoms Questionnaire; ASES, Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale; BDI, the Beck Depression Inventory; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; BRS, the Brief Resilience Scale; CPAQ, the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; DASH, the Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire; DRAM, the Distress Risk Assessment Method Questionnaire; FABQ, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire; FPQ-III, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire; GHQ, the General Health Questionnaire; GSES, the General Self-Efficacy Scale; HADS, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HSCL, the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; L , longitudinal; MODEMS, the Musculoskeletal Outcomes Data Evaluation and Management System Questionnaire; MSPQ, Modified Somatic Perceptions Questionnaire; OSS, the Oxford Shoulder Score; PCCL, the 43-item Pain Coping and Cognition List; PCS, the Pain Catastrophising Scale; Penn-F, Pennsylvania Shoulder Score function subscale; PHQ-9: the Patient Health Questionnaire; PSEQ, the Pain Self-Efficacy Scale; PSQI, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSS, the Penn Shoulder Score; SANE, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation; SDQ, Shoulder Disability Questionnaire; SF-12, the General Health-Related Quality of life Physical Component Summary (PCS) Score; SPADI, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; SST, the Simple Shoulder Test; STAI, the State Trait-Anxiety Index; TSK, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; WORC, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index; ZUNG questionnaire: modified Zung Depression Scale.