Table 3

Intervention components, theoretical underpinning and outcomes

Study	Components	Healthcare professional delivering the intervention	Theory	Intervention	Comparator	Outcomes
Pilote et al 41	How care is delivered: individual delivery Location/environment: orientation to environment/facilities; transportation services Finance: incentives	Nurse plus peer-health advisor	None specified	Monetary incentive for TB clinic attendance (group 1). Peer-health advisor assisting with clinic attendance (group 2).	Usual care (clinic appointment and tokens for travel expenses)	Attendance at initial TB clinic appointment.
Tulsky et al 30	How care is delivered: individual delivery Location/environment: orientation to environment/facilities; transportation services Finance: incentives	Nurse, outreach worker and peer-health advisor	None specified	Monetary incentive for uptake of DOT (group 1). Peer-health advisor supporting DOT (group 2).	Usual care	Completion of 6 months isoniazid therapy
Tulsky et al 29	How care is delivered: individual delivery Location/environment: transportation services Finance: incentives	Nurse, outreach worker and peer-health advisor	None specified	Monetary incentive for uptake of DOT.	Non-cash incentive of equal value (vouchers)	Completion of 6 months isoniazid therapy Cost-effectiveness
Samet et al 47	How care is delivered: individual delivery Self-management Location/environment: outreach services Coordination of care: disease management	Nurse	Health belief model and motivational interviewing	Adherence support for ART.	Usual care (written instructions/advice regarding treatment adherence)	Adherence to ART CD4+ count HIV viral load
Ciaranello et al 32	How care is delivered: individual delivery. Self-management Location/environment: outreach services; changing site of service delivery Coordination of care: communication between providers; disease management; multidisciplinary teams	Medical director, nurse practitioner, medical clerk and social worker	None specified	Weekly visits including health assessment, education, referral and social support.	Transitional houses in a different area not receiving the intervention	ED attendance Hospital admission Blood pressure Satisfaction with care
Nyamathi et al 37 Nyamathi et al 38 Schumann et al 39 Nyamathi et al 40	How care is delivered: group delivery. Self-management Location/environment: outreach services; transportation services Coordination of care: case management; disease management Finance: incentives	Nurse and outreach worker	Comprehensive health seeking and coping paradigm	DOT plus eight education sessions. Information provided on community resources and participants escorted to appointments.	DOT plus 20 min educational lecture	Completion of directly observed TB therapy TB knowledge HIV knowledge Self-efficacy
Tsai et al 43 Tsai et al 44 Grelotti et al 45	How care is delivered: individual delivery Coordination of care: case management; disease management Finance: incentives	Psychiatrist and study nurse	None specified	Directly observed fluoxetine and weekly psychiatric interview	Advice on sources of mental health support	Adherence to antiretroviral therapy HIV viral load Depression
Savage et al 42	How care is delivered: individual delivery Self-management	Nurse	Self-efficacy theory	Nurse-led case-management and diabetes education	Usual care	Self-efficacy
Tyler et al 46	How care is delivered: group delivery Self-management Coordination of care: case management; communication between providers	Nurse	Comprehensive health seeking and coping paradigm	Case management with group sessions, self-management training and education	Single, brief educational intervention	Hepatitis C knowledge
O’Toole et al 33	How care is delivered: individual delivery. Self-management Location/environment: orientation to environment/facilities; outreach services; transportation services Coordination of care: case management; disease management	Nurse	None specified	Nurse-led brief health assessment with motivational interviewing (group 1). Guided orientation to primary care clinic facilities (group 2). Both interventions together (group 3).	Usual care (social work assessment and description of available services)	ED attendance Hospital admission Access to primary care
Hewett et al 31	How care is delivered: individual delivery; coordination of care providers Role expansion; recruitment of specific professionals Coordination of care: care pathways; communication between professionals; discharge planning; integration of services; shared care; multidisciplinary teams	General practitioner and specialist nurse	None specified	Nurse- and GP-led inpatient intervention. Goal setting. Discharge planning. Liaison and multiagency meetings.	Initial meeting with nurse and signposting of services	ED attendance Hospital readmission Quality of life

ART, antiretroviral treatment; DOT, directly observed therapy; ED, emergency department; GP, general practitioner; TB, tuberculosis.