Table 1

List of included tools

Article ID	Tool	Scope of tool	Types of reporting biases assessed			Level of assessment*
Article ID	Tool	Scope of tool	Selective publication	Selective non-reporting	Selection of the reported result	Level of assessment*
Balshem et al 28	Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) outcome and analysis reporting bias framework	Reporting bias only		✓	✓	Specific outcome/result in a study
Berkman et al 29	AHRQ tool for evaluating the risk of reporting bias	Reporting bias only	✓	✓		Specific synthesis of studies
Downes et al 30	Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool	Multiple sources of bias		✓		Study
Downs and Black31	Downs-Black tool	Multiple sources of bias			✓	Study
Guyatt et al 33–37	Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)	Multiple sources of bias	✓	✓		Specific synthesis of studies
Hayden et al 38	Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool	Multiple sources of bias		✓		Study
Higgins et al 21 39 40	Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 1.0)	Multiple sources of bias		✓	✓	Study
Higgins et al 41 42	RoB 2.0 revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials	Multiple sources of bias			✓	Specific outcome/result in a study
Hoojimans et al 43	SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) RoB tool	Multiple sources of bias		✓	✓	Study
Kim et al 44	Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS)	Multiple sources of bias		✓	✓	Study
Kirkham et al 3 32	Outcome Reporting Bias In Trials I (ORBIT-I) classification system for benefit outcomes	Reporting bias only		✓		Specific outcome/result in a study
Meader et al 45 46	Semi-Automated Quality Assessment Tool (SAQAT)	Multiple sources of bias	✓	✓		Specific synthesis of studies
Reid et al 47	Selective reporting bias algorithm	Reporting bias only		✓	✓	Study
Saini et al 48	ORBIT-II classification system for harm outcomes	Reporting bias only		✓		Specific outcome/result in a study
Salanti et al 49 50	Framework for evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis	Multiple sources of bias	✓	✓		Specific synthesis of studies
Sterne et al 4	Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions I (ROBINS-I) tool	Multiple sources of bias			✓	Specific outcome/result in a study
Viswanathan and Berkman51	Research Triangle Institute (RTI) item bank for assessment of risk of bias and precision for observational studies of interventions or exposures	Multiple sources of bias		✓		Study
Viswanathan et al52	RTI item bank for assessing risk of bias and confounding for observational studies of interventions or exposures	Multiple sources of bias		✓		Study

*Level of assessment classified as: ‘study’ when assessments are directed at a study as a whole (eg, tool used to assess whether any outcomes in a study were not reported); ‘specific outcome/result in a study’ when assessments are directed at a specific outcome or result within a study (eg, tools used to assess whether a particular outcome, such as pain, was not reported) or ‘specific synthesis of studies’ when assessments are directed at a specific synthesis (eg, tool used to assess whether a particular synthesis, such as a meta-analysis of pain, is missing unpublished studies).