Table 2

Study demographics

Author, year	N included in analyses	Mean age (y)	Sex (M:F)	Study design	Intervention group protocol	Control group protocol	Duration
	Group 1: all participants exercised, intervention group received vitamin D supplementation
Agergaard et al, 2015 31	17	66.9	17:0	RCT	RET 3x per week and 1920 IU D3+800 mg Ca/day	RET 3x per week and 800 mg Ca/day	16 weeks
	Group 2: all participants received vitamin D supplementation, intervention group exercised
Drey et al, 201133	45	77	13:32	RCT	RET 2×60 min per week and >20 ng/mL=1000 IU D3/day <20 ng/mL=2000 IU D3/day	Sedentary and >20 ng/mL=1000 IU D3/day <20 ng/mL=2000 IU D3/day	12 weeks
Gianoudis et al, 201434	162	67	119:43	RCT	HV-PRT 3x per week and 1000 IU D3+700 mg Ca/day	Sedentary and 1000 IU D3+700 mg Ca/day	12 months
Jessup et al, 2003 35	18	69	0:18	RCT parallel	RET 3×60–90 min per week and 400 IU D3+1000 mg Ca/day	Sedentary and 400 IU D3+1000 mg Ca/day	32 weeks
Verschueren et al, 2011 36	111	79	0:111	RCT	WBV 3x per week and High-dose=1600 IU Or Conventional dose=800 IU D3/day +1000 mg Ca/day	Sedentary and High-dose=1600 IU Or Conventional dose=800 IU D3/day +1000 mg Ca/day	6 months
	Assigned to groups 1 and 2: participants took part in a combination of exercise and vitamin D interventions
Bunout et al, 2006 32	92	77	9:83	RCT	RET 2×1.5 hour per week Or sedentary and 400 IU D3+800 mg Ca/day	RET 2×1.5 hours per week Or sedentary and 800 mg Ca/day	9 months
Uusi-Rasi et al, 2015 21	409	74	0:409	RCT	RET 2x/week for 12 months, 1x/week for next 12 months or sedentary and 800 IU D3/day	RET 2x/week for 12 months, 1x/week for next 12 months or sedentary and Placebo/day	2 years

*RCT, randomised controlled trial, RET, resistance exercise training, IU, international units, Ca, calcium, HV-PRT, high-velocity progressive resistance training; WBV, whole body vibration.