Table 4

Meta-regression results of intervention effects for studies using or not using particular BCTs.

Outcome	BCT	BCT included			BCT not included			β	CI	p Value
Outcome	BCT	MD	CI	n	MD	CI	n	β	CI	p Value
Systolic blood pressure	1.1 Goal setting (behaviour).	−1.12	−2.49 to 0.25	11	−3.87	−5.07 to −2.67	5	2.79	−0.19 to 5.78	0.07
	1.2 Problem solving.	−3.19	−9.21 to 2.83	3	−1.69	−2.99 to −0.39	13	−0.98	−5.12 to 3.16	0.62
	1.3 Goal setting (outcome).	−3.01	−6.99 to 0.97	3	−1.65	−3.12 to −0.18	13	−1.11	−4.95 to 2.73	0.55
	1.4 Action planning.	−2.84	−5.29 to −0.39	7	−1.39	−3.01 to 0.23	9	−1.39	−4.54 to 1.76	0.36
	1.5 Review behaviour goal(s)	0.93	−2.10 to 3.95	4	−2.49	−3.82 to −1.16	12	3.45	0.13 to 6.76	0.04
	4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour.	−2.77	−4.89 to −0.68	5	−1.23	−2.89 to 0.44	11	−1.53	−4.53 to 1.47	0.29
	5.1 Information about health consequences.	−0.70	−2.13 to 0.73	5	−2.59	−4.43 to −0.76	11	1.75	−1.15 to 4.65	0.22
	9.1 Credible source.	−2.75	−4.34 to −1.17	9	−0.43	−2.81 to 1.96	7	−2.47	−5.51 to 0.58	0.10
	9.2 Pros and cons.	0.16	−3.89 to 4.20	4	−2.31	−3.59 to −1.02	12	2.67	−0.84 to 6.18	0.13
	11.2 Reduce negative emotions.	−3.52	−4.93 to −2.11	4	−1.05	−2.46 to 0.37	12	−0.22	−5.48 to 5.03	0.93
Diastolic blood pressure	1.1 Goal setting (behaviour).	−1.18	−2.31 to −0.04	10	−3.37	−3.78 to −0.96	5	1.35	−0.89 to 3.60	0.22
	1.4 Action planning.	−2.17	−4.13 to −0.20	6	−1.28	−2.30 to −0.25	9	−0.82	−3.02 to 1.38	0.44
	2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour.	−1.29	−3.03 to 0.46	3	−1.58	−2.60 to −0.55	12	0.18	−2.73 to 3.08	0.89
	4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour.	−1.12	−2.80 to 0.56	5	−1.84	−2.77 to −0.91	10	0.87	−1.17 to 2.91	0.38
	5.1 Information about health consequences.	−0.64	−2.52 to 1.24	4	−1.92	−2.79 to −1.05	11	1.46	−0.53 to 3.46	0.14
	9.1 Credible source.	−1.85	−3.44 to −0.26	9	−1.29	−1.91 to −0.68	6	−0.37	−2.51 to 1.77	0.72
	9.2 Pros and cons.	−1.46	−3.05 to 0.13	3	−0.93	−1.46 to 0.12	12	0.04	−2.73 to 2.80	0.98
	11.2 Reduced negative emotions.	−2.98	−4.71 to −1.25	4	−1.25	−2.25 to −0.25	11	−1.78	−4.46 to 0.89	0.17
Serum total cholesterol	1.1 Goal setting (behaviour).	−0.11	−0.17 to −0.5	9	−0.17	−0.34 to −0.01	5	0.09	−0.08 to 0.26	0.29
	1.3 Goal setting (outcome).	−0.21	−0.45 to 0.02	3	−0.10	−0.16 to −0.03	11	−0.12	−0.27 to 0.03	0.11
	1.4 Action planning.	−0.15	−0.34 to 0.05	6	−0.12	−0.18 to −0.06	8	−0.05	−0.22 to −0.12	0.52
	4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour.	−0.18	−0.19 to −0.07	4	−0.10	−0.17 to −0.04	10	−0.09	−0.25 to 0.06	0.20
	5.1 Information about health consequences.	−0.11	−0.18 to −0.07	5	−0.15	−0.28 to −0.03	9	0.07	−0.08 to −0.22	0.35
	9.1 Credible source.	−0.12	−0.21 to −0.04	9	−0.14	−0.22 to −0.05	5	−0.00	−0.18 to 0.17	0.96
	9.2 Pros and cons.	−0.07	−0.31 to 0.16	3	−0.14	−0.20 to −0.07	11	0.05	−0.18 to 0.28	0.64
BMI	1.1 Goal setting (behaviour).	−0.24	−0.42 to −0.05	10	−0.03	−0.21 to 0.15	4	−0.20	−0.49 to 0.08	0.14
	1.3 Goal setting (outcome).	−0.09	−0.50 to 0.32	3	−0.14	−0.27 to −0.00	11	0.05	−0.42 to 0.52	0.83
	1.4 Action planning.	−0.32	−0.61 to −0.04	6	−0.09	−0.23 to 0.06	8	−0.24	−0.59 to 0.11	0.17
	1.5 Review behaviour goal(s)	−0.66	−1.51 to 0.20	3	−0.12	−0.25 to 0.01	11	−0.54	−1.48 to 0.41	0.25
	4.1 Instructions on how to perform the behaviour.	−0.07	−0.23 to 0.09	5	−0.24	−0.45 to −0.03	9	0.17	−0.12 to 0.46	0.23
	5.1 Information about health consequences.	−0.13	−0.36 to 0.10	4	−0.14	−0.29 to 0.02	10	0.01	−0.29 to 0.31	0.96
	9.1 Credible source.	−0.24	−0.43 to −0.06	8	−0.03	−0.21 to 0.15	6	−0.21	−0.49 to 0.07	0.13
	9.2 Pros and cons.	−0.47	−1.29 to 0.34	3	−0.13	−0.26 to 0.01	11	−0.35	−1.25 to 0.55	0.42
	11.2 Reduce negative emotions.	−0.33	−0.79 to 0.14	3	−0.12	−0.25 to 0.02	11	−0.21	−0.74 to 0.32	0.41
Weight	1.3 Goal setting (outcome).	−1.02	−1.73 to −0.31	4	−0.83	−1.53 to −0.12	8	−0.17	−1.33 to 0.99	0.75
	1.4 Action planning.	−1.27	−1.74 to −0.79	7	−0.17	−0.94 to 0.58	5	−1.10	−2.11 to −0.09	0.04
	1.5 Review behaviour goal(s).	−1.67	−4.77 to 1.40	3	−0.86	−1.42 to −0.29	9	−0.82	−4.41 to 2.77	0.62
	2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour.	−0.91	−2.13 to 0.31	3	−0.89	−1.55 to −0.25	9	−0.04	−1.27 to 1.10	0.95
	4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behaviour.	−0.81	−1.57 to −0.05	5	−0.99	−1.77 to −0.22	7	0.17	−1.08 to 1.42	0.77
	9.1 Credible source.	−0.95	−1.52 to −0.38	8	−0.27	−1.89 to 1.35	4	−0.65	−2.66 to 1.36	0.49
	9.2 Pros and cons.	−0.91	−3.91 to 2.09	3	−0.88	−1.48 to −0.28	9	−0.01	−3.51 to 3.49	0.99

β, meta-regression coefficient; BCT, behaviour change technique; BMI, body mass index; MD, mean difference; N, number of trials.