Summary of characteristics in patients with and without hernia-related complications after TIPS placement
| Characteristic | With complications (n=36) | Without complications (n=131) | P value | Adjusted p value* |
| Age at the time of TIPS placement, median (IQR) | 54.0 (49.8–60.2) | 57.0 (50.0–63.0) | 0.270 | 1.000 |
| Male, n (%) | 24 (66.7) | 82 (62.6) | 0.700 | 1.000 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.600 | 1.000 | ||
| African American | 4 (11.1) | 7 (5.3) | ||
| Asian | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Caucasian | 32 (88.9) | 119 (90.8) | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.3) | ||
| Multiracial | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Type of hernia, n (%) | 0.116 | 1.000 | ||
| Epigastric | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Incisional | 2 (5.6) | 8 (6.1) | ||
| Inguinal | 1 (2.8) | 14 (10.7) | ||
| Multiple | 8 (22.2) | 9 (6.9) | ||
| Other (lateral, parastomal) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (1.5) | ||
| Periumbilical | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.3) | ||
| Umbilical | 24 (66.7) | 87 (66.4) | ||
| Ventral, not otherwise specified | 0 (0.0) | 7 (5.3) | ||
| Aetiology of cirrhosis, n (%) | 0.049 | 0.587 | ||
| Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | ||
| Autoimmune | 1 (2.8) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Cryptogenic | 1 (2.8) | 13 (9.9) | ||
| Drug induced | 1 (2.8) | 2 (1.5) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | 14 (38.9) | 35 (26.7) | ||
| Miscellaneous | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.3) | ||
| Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 3 (8.3) | 37 (28.2) | ||
| Primary biliary cholangitis | 1 (2.8) | 2 (1.5) | ||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | 0 (0.0) | 5 (3.8) | ||
| Viral | 12 (33.3) | 21 (16.0) | ||
| Viral and alcohol consumption | 3 (8.3) | 10 (7.6) | ||
| Reason for TIPS placement, n (%) | 0.179 | 1.000 | ||
| Ascites | 23 (63.9) | 64 (48.9) | ||
| Ascites and hydrothorax | 1 (2.8) | 9 (6.9) | ||
| Ascites and variceal bleed | 5 (13.9) | 10 (7.6) | ||
| Hydrothorax | 0 (0.0) | 10 (7.6) | ||
| Other | 2 (5.6) | 6 (4.6) | ||
| Variceal bleed | 5 (13.9) | 32 (24.4) | ||
| Recurrence of hernia after repair, n (%)† | 0.071 | 0.786 | ||
| Yes | 8 (24.2) | 14 (46.7) | ||
| No | 25 (75.8) | 16 (53.3) | ||
| Change in portal systemic gradient, median (IQR)† | 11.0 (7.5–15.0) | 12.0 (8.0–14.0) | 0.793 | 1.000 |
| Severity of hernia, n (%) | ||||
| Small | 6 (16.7) | 57 (43.5) | 0.006 | 0.074 |
| Medium | 11 (30.5) | 14 (10.6) | ||
| Large | 12 (33.3) | 29 (22.1) | ||
| Unknown | 7 (19.4) | 31 (23.6) | ||
| Frequency of paracentesis, n (%) | 0.196 | 1.000 | ||
| None | 6 (16.7) | 31 (23.7) | ||
| ≤6 weeks | 26 (72.2) | 72 (55.0) | ||
| >6 weeks | 4 (11.1) | 28 (21.4) | ||
| Average volume of paracentesis, median (IQR)† | 6.0 (3.9–8.0) | 6.0 (4.0–8.0) | 0.854 | 1.000 |
| MELD score, median (IQR) | 10.5 (8.0–15.0) | 11.0 (8.0–16.0) | 0.253 | 1.000 |
| Child-Pugh score, median (IQR)† | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 0.567 | 1.000 |
*Adjusted p value adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing using Holm’s step-down method to maintain study-wise error rate of 0.05.
†Data regarding recurrence status missing for 104 patients, change in portal systemic gradient missing for 1 patient, average volume of paracentesis missing for 47 patients and Child-Pugh score missing for 1 patient.
MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.