PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Gutowski, N J
AU  - Chilton, J K
TI  - The congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
AID  - 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307035
DP  - 2015 Jul 01
TA  - Archives of Disease in Childhood
PG  - 678--681
VI  - 100
IP  - 7
4099  - http://adc.bmj.com/content/100/7/678.short
4100  - http://adc.bmj.com/content/100/7/678.full
SO  - Arch Dis Child2015 Jul 01; 100
AB  - Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD) encompass a number of related conditions and includes Duane syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the external ocular muscles, Möbius syndrome, congenital ptosis and hereditary congenital facial paresis. These are congenital disorders where the primary findings are non-progressive and are caused by developmental abnormalities of cranial nerves/nuclei with primary or secondary dysinnervation. Several CCDD genes have been found, which enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain stem development and axonal guidance.