References
Key articles
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-228.Full text Abstract
Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-826.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-228.Full text Abstract
2. Antman E, Bassand JP, Klein W, et al. Myocardial infarction redefined - a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Sep;36(3):959-69.Full text Abstract
3. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 30;72(18):2231-64.Full text Abstract
4. Alpert JS, Thygesen KA, White HD, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of type 2 myocardial infarction: review and commentary. Am J Med. 2014 Feb;127(2):105-8.Full text Abstract
5. World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases, 2014. 2014 [internet publication].Full text
6. Timmis A, Vardas P, Townsend N, et al. European Society of Cardiology: cardiovascular disease statistics 2021. Eur Heart J. 2022 Feb 22;43(8):716-99.Full text Abstract
7. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-826.Full text Abstract
8. Cheema KM, Dicks E, Pearson J, et al. Long-term trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the UK: insights from the British Heart Foundation statistical compendium. Cardiovasc Res. 2022 Jul 27;118(10):2267-80.Full text Abstract
9. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Feb 21;147(8):e93-621.Full text Abstract
10. Neumann JT, Goßling A, Sörensen NA, et al. Temporal trends in incidence and outcome of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 Sep;109(9):1186-92. Abstract
11. National Cardiac Audit Programme. Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP). 2024 [internet publication].Full text
12. Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, et al. Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(2):131-8. Abstract
13. Sheridan PJ, Crossman DC. Critical review of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Dec;78(926):717-26. Abstract
14. Wang TY, Zhang M, Fu Y, et al. Incidence, distribution, and prognostic impact of occluded culprit arteries among patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing diagnostic angiography. Am Heart J. 2009 Apr;157(4):716-23. Abstract
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fact sheet: health effects of cigarette smoking. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text
16. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1223-49.Full text Abstract
17. Writing Group Members, Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Jan 26;133(4):e38-60.Full text Abstract
18. Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, et al. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-76.Full text Abstract
19. Barnoya J, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation. 2005 May 24;111(20):2684-98.Full text Abstract
20. Wu AD, Lindson N, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. Smoking cessation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Aug 8;(8):CD014936.Full text Abstract
21. Wong ND, Cupples LA, Ostfeld AM, et al. Risk factors for long-term coronary prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Sep;130(3):469-80. Abstract
22. Connolly DC, Elveback LR, Oxman HA. Coronary heart disease in residents of Rochester, Minnesota, 1950-1975. III. Effect of hypertension and its treatment on survival of patients with coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1983 Apr;58(4):249-54. Abstract
23. Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):4043-140.Full text Abstract
24. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2024. 2024 Jan;47(suppl 1):S1-313.Full text
25. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Overweight or obese population. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
26. Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, et al. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Oct 4;143(7):473-80. Abstract
27. Freitas Lima LC, Braga VA, do Socorro de França Silva M, et al. Adipokines, diabetes and atherosclerosis: an inflammatory association. Front Physiol. 2015 Nov 3:6:304.Full text Abstract
28. Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Reisin ED, et al. Dimorphic cardiac adaptation to obesity and arterial hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Dec;99(6):757-61. Abstract
29. Rayner JJ, Banerjee R, Holloway CJ, et al. The relative contribution of metabolic and structural abnormalities to diastolic dysfunction in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018 Mar;42(3):441-7.Full text Abstract
30. Guembe MJ, Fernandez-Lazaro CI, Sayon-Orea C, et al. Risk for cardiovascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome and its components: a 13-year prospective study in the RIVANA cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020 Nov 22;19(1):195.Full text Abstract
31. Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al-Zaiti SS, et al. Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective-an update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Mar 31;141(13):e705-36.Full text Abstract
32. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Aug;39(8):1423-34.Full text Abstract
33. Pinckard K, Baskin KK, Stanford KI. Effects of exercise to improve cardiovascular health. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Jun 4:6:69.Full text Abstract
34. Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular effects and benefits of exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018 Sep 28:5:135.Full text Abstract
35. Balling M, Afzal S, Davey Smith G, et al. Elevated LDL triglycerides and atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jan 17;81(2):136-52.Full text Abstract
36. Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016 Sep 27;316(12):1289-97.Full text Abstract
37. El Khoudary SR, Chen X, Nasr AN, et al. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) subclasses, lipid content, and function trajectories across the menopause transition: SWAN-HDL study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Feb;41(2):951-61.Full text Abstract
38. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Aug;24(8):e149-61.Full text Abstract
39. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97.Full text Abstract
40. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Jun 24;129(25 suppl 2):S1-45.Full text Abstract
41. Fox CS, Muntner P, Chen AY, et al; Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Use of evidence-based therapies in short-term outcomes of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network registry. Circulation. 2010 Jan 26;121(3):357-65.Full text Abstract
42. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23;351(13):1296-305.Full text Abstract
43. Strong JP, Malcolm GT, McMahan CA, et al. Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999 Feb 24;281(8):727-35.Full text Abstract
44. Eisen A, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, et al. Angina and future cardiovascular events in stable patients with coronary artery disease: insights from the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Sep 28;5(10):e004080.Full text Abstract
45. Vikulova DN, Grubisic M, Zhao Y, et al. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: trends in incidence, risk factors, and sex-related differences, 2000 to 2016. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jul 16;8(14):e012178.Full text Abstract
46. Montalescot G, Dallongeville J, Van Belle E, et al. STEMI and NSTEMI: are they so different? 1 year outcomes in acute myocardial infarction as defined by the ESC/ACC definition (the OPERA registry). Eur Heart J. 2007 Jun;28(12):1409-17.Full text Abstract
47. Havakuk O, Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. The cardiovascular effects of cocaine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 4;70(1):101-13.Full text Abstract
48. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al; INTERHEART investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):953-62. Abstract
49. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee of the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Mar 25;129(12):1350-69.Full text Abstract
50. Wang X, Ouyang Y, Wang Z, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Nov 5;169(3):207-14.Full text Abstract
51. Yang SH, Xing YS, Wang ZX, et al. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with the risk of repeat adverse cardiovascular events in patients with newly diagnosed acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021 May;100(4):260-70.Full text Abstract
52. Landesberg G, Beattie WS, Mosseri M, et al. Perioperative myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2009 Jun 9;119(22):2936-44.Full text Abstract
53. Puelacher C, Gualandro DM, Glarner N, et al. Long-term outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury after non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2023 May 14;44(19):1690-701.Full text Abstract
54. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text
55. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-37.Full text Abstract
56. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e596-e646.Full text Abstract
57. Otsuka F, Sakakura K, Yahagi K, et al. Has our understanding of calcification in human coronary atherosclerosis progressed? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Apr;34(4):724-36.Full text Abstract
58. Parsons RE, Liu X, Collister JA, et al. Independent external validation of the QRISK3 cardiovascular disease risk prediction model using UK Biobank. Heart. 2023 Oct 26;109(22):1690-7.Full text Abstract
59. Department of Health and Social Care. Physical activity guidelines: adults and older adults. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text
60. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text
61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
62. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 4: Coronary angiography and PCI for adults with NSTEMI or unstable angina who are clinically unstable. NICE quality standard QS68 quality statement. November 2020 [internet publication].Full text
63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text
64. Figueras J, Peña C, Soler-Soler J. Thirty day prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary oedema complicating acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2005 Jul;91(7):889-93. Abstract
65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. High-sensitivity troponin tests for the early rule out of NSTEMI. August 2020 [internet publication].Full text
66. Mannsverk J, Wilsgaard T, Mathiesen EB, et al. Trends in modifiable risk factors are associated with declining incidence of hospitalized and nonhospitalized acute coronary heart disease in a population. Circulation. 2016 Jan 5;133(1):74-81.Full text Abstract
67. Gokhroo RK, Ranwa BL, Kishor K, et al. Sweating: a specific predictor of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction among the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome: Sweating In Myocardial Infarction (SWIMI) Study Group. Clin Cardiol. 2016 Feb;39(2):90-5.Full text Abstract
68. Writing Committee, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the evaluation and disposition of acute chest pain in the emergency department: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Nov 15;80(20):1925-60.Full text Abstract
69. Stoyanov KM, Hund H, Biener M, et al. RAPID-CPU: a prospective study on implementation of the ESC 0/1-hour algorithm and safety of discharge after rule-out of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020 Feb;9(1):39-51.Full text Abstract
70. Chapman AR, Fujisawa T, Lee KK, et al. Novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2019 Apr;105(8):616-22.Full text Abstract
71. Chew DP, Lambrakis K, Blyth A, et al. A randomized trial of a 1-hour troponin T protocol in auspected acute coronary syndromes: the rapid assessment of possible acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department with high-sensitivity troponin T study (RAPID-TnT). Circulation. 2019 Nov 5;140(19):1543-56.Full text Abstract
72. Twerenbold R, Neumann JT, Sörensen NA, et al. Prospective Validation of the 0/1-h Algorithm for Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Aug 7;72(6):620-32.Full text Abstract
73. Badertscher P, Boeddinghaus J, Twerenbold R, et al. Direct comparison of the 0/1h and 0/3h algorithms for early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2018 Jun 5;137(23):2536-8.Full text Abstract
74. Chapman AR, Anand A, Boeddinghaus J, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of early rule-out pathways for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2017 Apr 25;135(17):1586-96.Full text Abstract
75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. High sensitivity troponin assays for the early rule-out of acute myocardial infarction in people with acute chest pain: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. NICE guideline DG40 diagnostic assessment report. February 2020 [internet publication].Full text
76. Loutfi M, Ashour S, El-Sharkawy E, et al. Identification of high-risk patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction using strain doppler echocardiography: correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2016 May 10:10:51-9.Full text Abstract
77. Yan AT, Jong P, Yan RT, et al. Clinical trial-derived risk model may not generalize to real-world patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J. 2004 Dec;148(6):1020-7. Abstract
78. Yan AT, Yan RT, Tan M, et al. Risk scores for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: useful but simpler is not necessarily better. Eur Heart J. 2007 May;28(9):1072-8.Full text Abstract
79. Singh M, Reeder GS, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Scores for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification in the community. Circulation. 2002 Oct 29;106(18):2309-14.Full text Abstract
80. Gale CP, Manda SO, Weston CF, et al. Evaluation of risk scores for risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes in the Myocardial Infarction National Audit Project (MINAP) database. Heart. 2009 Mar;95(3):221-7. Abstract
81. Aragam KG, Tamhane UU, Kline-Rogers E, et al. Does simplicity compromise accuracy in ACS risk prediction? A retrospective analysis of the TIMI and GRACE risk scores. PLoS One. 2009 Nov 23;4(11):e7947.Full text Abstract
82. D'Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, et al. TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012 May;33(3):507-14. Abstract
83. Bing R, Goodman SG, Yan AT, et al. Use of clinical risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the CONCORDANCE registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2018 Oct 1;4(4):309-17.Full text Abstract
84. Chew DP, Junbo G, Parsonage W, et al. Perceived risk of ischemic and bleeding events in acute coronary syndromes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013 May 1;6(3):299-308.Full text Abstract
85. Mehta SR, Granger CB, Boden WE, et al. Early versus delayed invasive intervention in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21;360(21):2165-75.Full text Abstract
86. Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, et al. 5-year outcomes in the FRISC-II randomised trial of an invasive versus a non-invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a follow-up study. Lancet. 2006 Sep 16;368(9540):998-1004. Abstract
87. Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, et al. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet. 2002 Sep 7;360(9335):743-51. Abstract
88. Kofoed KF, Kelbæk H, Hansen PR, et al. Early versus standard care invasive examination and treatment of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2018 Dec 11;138(24):2741-50.Full text Abstract
89. Chew DP, Astley CM, Luker H, et al. A cluster randomized trial of objective risk assessment versus standard care for acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the Australian GRACE Risk score Intervention Study (AGRIS). Am Heart J. 2015 Nov;170(5):995-1004.e1. Abstract
90. American College of Cardiology. AGRIS study assesses benefits of objective risk scores in treating high-risk ACS patients. August 2019 [internet publication].Full text
91. Gale CP, Stocken DD, Aktaa S, et al. Effectiveness of GRACE risk score in patients admitted to hospital with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (UKGRIS): parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2023 Jun 14;381:e073843.Full text Abstract
92. Mujica VR, Jeffrey C. When it's hard to swallow. What to look for in patients with dysphagia. Postgrad Med J. 1999 Jun;105(7):131-45. Abstract
93. Indar AA, Beckingham IJ. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ. 2002 Sep 21;325(7365):639-43.Full text Abstract
94. Jougon J, Mc Bride T, Delcambre F, et al. Primary esophageal repair for Boerhaave's syndrome whatever the free interval between perforation and treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004 Apr;25(4):475-9. Abstract
95. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000 Aug 16;284(7):835-42.Full text Abstract
96. Dawson LP, Chen D, Dagan M, et al. Assessment of pretreatment with oral P2Y12 inhibitors and cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1;4(11):e2134322.Full text Abstract
97. Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, et al. Air versus oxygen in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2015 Jun 16;131(24):2143-50.Full text Abstract
98. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
99. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
100. Scottish Intercollegiate Guildelines Network. Acute coronary syndrome. April 2016 [internet publication].Full text
101. Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, et al. Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 19;(12):CD007160.Full text Abstract
102. Abuzaid A, Fabrizio C, Felpel K, et al. Oxygen therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2018 Jun;131(6):693-701.Full text Abstract
103. Heidari F, Rahzani K, Iranpoor D, et al. The effect of oxygen on the outcomes of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine. 2017 March;14:67-71.Full text
104. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-ii90.Full text Abstract
105. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.Full text Abstract
106. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
107. British Thoracic Society. BTS Guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text
108. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.Full text Abstract
109. Klitgaard TL, Schjørring OL, Nielsen FM, et al. Higher versus lower fractions of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 13;(9):CD012631.Full text Abstract
110. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.Full text Abstract
111. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9(9):CD013708.Full text Abstract
112. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary: glyceryl trinitrate. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
113. Bounes V, Charriton-Dadone B, Levraut J, et al. Predicting morphine related side effects in the ED: an international cohort study. Am J Emerg Med. 2017 Apr;35(4):531-5. Abstract
114. Bikdeli B, Erlinge D, Valgimigli M, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin during PCI in NSTEMI: individual patient data meta-analysis of large randomized trials. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):1207-19.Full text Abstract
115. Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 7;372(19):1791-800.Full text Abstract
116. Valgimigli M, Gragnano F, Branca M, et al. P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy or dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary revascularisation: individual patient level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2021 Jun 16;373:n1332.Full text Abstract
117. Safi S, Sethi NJ, Nielsen EE, et al. Beta-blockers for suspected or diagnosed acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 17;12:CD012484.Full text Abstract
118. Kim J, Kang D, Park H, et al. Long-term β-blocker therapy and clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure: nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Oct 1;41(37):3521-9.Full text Abstract
119. Safi S, Sethi NJ, Korang SK, et al. Beta-blockers in patients without heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 5;(11):CD012565.Full text Abstract
120. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text Abstract
121. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1;44(37):3627-39.Full text Abstract
122. Chen Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, et al. Colchicine may become a new cornerstone therapy for coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rheumatol. 2022 Jun;41(6):1873-87. Abstract
123. Razavi E, Ramezani A, Kazemi A, et al. Effect of treatment with colchicine after acute coronary syndrome on major cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Cardiovasc Ther. 2022 Apr 13:2022:8317011.Full text Abstract
124. Zaman S, Kovoor P. Sudden cardiac death early after myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, risk stratification, and primary prevention. Circulation. 2014 Jun 10;129(23):2426-35.Full text Abstract
125. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DSN, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 26;335(26):1933-40.Full text Abstract
126. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al; Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar 21;346(12):877-83.Full text Abstract
127. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al; DINAMIT Investigators. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2481-8.Full text Abstract
128. Radovanovic D, Seifert B, Urban P, et al; AMIS Plus Investigators. Validity of Charlson Comorbidity Index in patients hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome. Insights from the nationwide AMIS Plus registry 2002-2012. Heart. 2014 Feb;100(4):288-94.Full text Abstract
129. Jeger RV, Radovanovic D, Hunziker PR, et al; AMIS Plus Registry Investigators. Ten-year trends in the incidence and treatment of cardiogenic shock. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Nov 4;149(9):618-26. Abstract
130. Law MR, Watt HC, Wald NJ. The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Nov 25;162(21):2405-10.Full text Abstract
131. Awad HH, Anderson FA Jr, Gore JM, et al. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Am Heart J. 2012 Jun;163(6):963-71. Abstract
132. Hochman JS, Buller CE, Sleeper LA, et al; SHOCK Investigators. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction - etiologies, management and outcome: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Sep;36(3 Suppl A):1063-70. Abstract
133. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al; SHOCK Investigators. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 26;341(9):625-34.Full text Abstract
134. Batra G, Svennblad B, Held C, et al. All types of atrial fibrillation in the setting of myocardial infarction are associated with impaired outcome. Heart. 2016 Jun 15;102(12):926-33. Abstract
135. Goldberg RJ, Yarzebski J, Spencer FA, et al. Thirty-year trends (1975-2005) in the magnitude, patient characteristics, and hospital outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec 15;102(12):1595-601.Full text Abstract
136. Jha MK, Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, et al. Screening and management of depression in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 16;73(14):1827-45.Full text Abstract
137. Frost JL, Rich RL Jr, Robbins CW, et al. Depression following acute coronary syndrome events: screening and treatment guidelines from the AAFP. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Jun 15;99(12):Online.Full text Abstract
138. Abdullah A, Radivojevic A, Abu Jad AA, et al. Achieving the balance: a systematic review on treating depression post myocardial infarction. Cardiol Res Cardiovasc Med 2022;6:177.Full text
139. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. Circulation. 2007 Feb 13;115(6):813-8.Full text Abstract
140. Rinde LB, Lind C, Småbrekke B, et al. Impact of incident myocardial infarction on the risk of venous thromboembolism: the Tromsø Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Jun;14(6):1183-91.Full text Abstract
141. Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 Jan 18;145(3):e4-17.Full text Abstract
142. Eisenberg MJ, Windle SB, Roy N, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2016 Jan 5;133(1):21-30.Full text Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
143. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text
144. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
145. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 12;44(38):3720-6.Full text Abstract
146. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text Abstract
147. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text
148. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text
149. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
150. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text Abstract
151. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract
152. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract
153. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Abstract
154. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
155. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text Abstract
156. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text Abstract
157. Law JP, Pickup L, Townend JN, et al. Anticoagulant strategies for the patient with chronic kidney disease. Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Mar;20(2):151-5Full text Abstract
158. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
159. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
160. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
161. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
162. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
163. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
164. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
165. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
166. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
167. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
168. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract
169. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
170. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. November 2020 [internet publication]Full text
171. Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):4043-140.Full text Abstract
172. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes: management of hyperglycaemia in people with acute coronary syndromes October 2011 [internet publication]Full text
173. Wei CH, Litwin SE. Hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: is serum glucose the provocateur or innocent bystander? Diabetes. 2014 Jul;63(7):2209-12Full text Abstract
174. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
175. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
176. Ryder B, Burbridge W, Braycotton L, et al. Inpatient diabetes: do-it-yourself electronic referral system to support and enhance the Think Glucose project. Practical Diabetes. 2014;31(5):194-6Full text
177. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text
178. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
179. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
180. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
181. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract
182. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
183. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract
184. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text Abstract
185. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
186. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
187. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
188. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
189. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
190. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
191. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
192. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
193. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract
194. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
195. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
196. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
197. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
198. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text Abstract
199. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract
200. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
201. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
202. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
203. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
204. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
205. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
206. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
207. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
208. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
209. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
210. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
211. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
212. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
213. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
214. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
215. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
216. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
217. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
218. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text
219. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
220. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
221. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
222. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
223. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
224. Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger T. The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020
225. Glassman AH, O'Connor CM, Califf RM, et al. Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina. JAMA. 2002 Aug 14;288(6):701-9.Full text Abstract
226. Behlke LM, Lenze EJ, Carney RM. The cardiovascular effects of newer antidepressants in older adults and those with or at high risk for cardiovascular diseases. CNS Drugs. 2020 Nov;34(11):1133-47.Full text Abstract
227. Baldwin DS, Necking O, Schmidt SN, et al. Efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in treatment of patients with major depressive disorder and common co-morbid physical illness. J Affect Disord. 2022 Aug 15;311:588-94.Full text Abstract
228. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
229. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
230. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text Abstract
231. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
232. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
233. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text Abstract
234. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text Abstract
235. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text
236. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract
237. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text Abstract
238. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
239. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
240. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
241. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
242. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
243. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
244. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text Abstract
245. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
246. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
247. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
248. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
249. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
250. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
251. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
252. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
253. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
254. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
255. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
256. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
257. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
258. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
259. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
260. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text Abstract
261. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management. September 2018 [internet publication]Full text
262. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: expert panel report 3. August 2007 [internet publication]Full text
263. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002992Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer