WHY EBM?

• Emparanza JI, Cabello JB and Burls AJE. Does evidence-based practice improve patient outcomes? An analysis of a natural experiment in a Spanish hospital. J Eval Clin Pract. 2015;21:1059-65.
• Kiessling A, Lewitt M, Henriksson P, et al. Case-based training of evidence-based clinical practice in primary care and decreased mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Ann Fam Med. 2011;9:211–8.
• Shuval K, Linn S, Brevis M, et al. Association between primary care physicians’ evidence-based medicine knowledge and quality of care. Int J Qual Health Care. 2010;22:16–23.
• Barratt A. Evidence based medicine and shared decision making: the challenge of getting both evidence and preferences into health care. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;73:407–12.
• Lockwood D, Armstrong M, Grant A. Integrating evidence based medicine into routine clinical practice: seven years’ experience at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. BMJ. 2004;329:1020–3.
• Lucas BP, Evans AT, Reilly BM, et al. The impact of evidence on physicians’ inpatient treatment decisions. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:402–9.
• Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving. BMJ. 1995;310:1122–6.

WHAT IS EBM?

• Greenhalgh T. Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis? BMJ. 2014;348:g3725
• Glasziou P, What is EBM? Evidence-Based Medicine. 2011;16:129-30.
• Dickersin K. Evidence based medicine: increasing, not dictating, choice. BMJ. 2007;334:s10.
• Reilly BM. The essence of EBM. BMJ. 2004;329;991–2.
• Sackett DL, Rosenberg W, Gray JA, et al. Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ. 1996;312:71–2.
• Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA. 1992;268;2420–5.

Websites

• The history of evidence based medicine – Oral History project from JAMA and The BMJ.

CLINICAL QUESTION, SEARCH, AND STUDY SELECTION

• Ioannidis, J. The need to consider the wider agenda in systematic reviews and meta-analyses: breadth, timing, and depth of the evidence. BMJ. 2010;341:c4875.
• Glanville J, Bayliss S, Booth A, et al. So many filters, so little time: the development of a search filter appraisal checklist. J Med Libr Assoc. 2008; 96(4):356–61.
• Thomas J, Kneale D, McKenzie JE, et al.  Chapter 2: Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Briscoe S, et al. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Li T, Higgins JPT and Deeks JJ. Chapter 5: Collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Lefebvre C, Glanville J, Wieland LS, et al. Methodological developments in searching for studies for systematic reviews: past, present and future? Systematic Reviews. 2013;2:78.

Websites

• Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Asking Focused Questions.
• Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Finding the Evidence 1 – Using PICO to formulate a search question.
• The InterTASC Information Specialists’ Sub-Group (ISSG) Search Filters Resource.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. PubMed Special Queries.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL SKILLS

• Boutron I, Page MJ, Higgins JPT, et al. Chapter 7: Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Higgins JPT, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial.  In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Page MJ, Higgins JPT and Sterne JAC. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis.  In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Sterne JAC, Hernán MA, McAleenan A, et al. Chapter 25: Assessing risk of bias in a non-randomized study. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al (eds). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022.
• Sedgwick P. Bias in experimental study designs: randomised controlled trials with parallel groups. BMJ. 2015;351.
• Windish D. Searching for the right evidence: how to answer your clinical questions using the 6S hierarchy. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2013;18:93-7.
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ. 2008;336:995–8.
• Haynes RB. Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and systems: the “5S” evolution of information services for evidence-based healthcare decisions. Evid Based Med. 2006;11:162–4.
• Barton S. Which clinical studies provide the best evidence? BMJ. 2000;321(7256):255–6.
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Assessing the methodological quality of published papers. BMJ. 1997;315:305–8.
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about). BMJ. 1997;315:243–6.
• Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA. 1994;271:389-91.
• Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA. 1994;271:703-7.

Websites

• Catalogue of Bias.
• Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Critical Appraisal tools.
• Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. CONSORT Statement and Extensions.
• Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP checklists.
• Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. PRISMA Statement.
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Critical Appraisal: Notes and checklists.

UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS

• Sedgwick P. What is significance? BMJ. 2015;350:h3475
• Sedgwick P. What are the risks? BMJ. 2015;350:h2931
• Sedgwick P. Clinical significance versus statistical significance. BMJ. 2014;348:g2130
• Understanding statistical terms: 5. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Drug Ther Bull. 2009;47:95–6.
• Understanding statistical terms: 4. Diagnostic tests. Drug Ther Bull. 2009;47:71–2.
• Understanding statistical terms: 3. Topics to do with study design. Drug Ther Bull. 2009;47:59–60.
• Understanding statistical terms: 2. Drug Ther Bull. 2009;47:35–6.
• Understanding statistical terms: 1. Drug Ther Bull. 2009;47:22–4.
• Hatala R, Keitz S, Wyer P, et al. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 4. Assessing heterogeneity of primary studies in systematic reviews and whether to combine their results. CMAJ. 2005;172:661–5.
• Barratt A, WYer PC, Hatala R, et al. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat. CMAJ. 2004;171:353–8.
• Montori VM, Kleinbart J, Newman TB, et al. Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 2. Measures of precision (confidence intervals). CMAJ, 2004;171:611–5.
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician II: significant relationships and their pitfalls. BMJ. 1997;315:422–5.
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician I: different types of data need different statistical tests. BMJ. 1997;315:364–6.

Websites

• BMJ Statistics Notes Co-written by Martin Bland and Doug Altman (with some exceptions), these notes cover everything from basic to more advanced medical statistics with practical examples. A complete list of BMJ Statistics Notes is available here.

UNDERSTANDING META-ANALYSIS

• Perera R, Heneghan C. Interpreting meta-analysis in systematic reviews. Evid Based Med. 2008;13:67–9.
• Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses). BMJ. 1997;315:672–5.

GRADE

• Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. GRADE Series.

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND SHARED DECISION MAKING

• Daly RL, Bunn F and Goodman C. Shared decision-making for people living with dementia in extended care settings: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018977.
• Walsh, K. Online clinical decision support: how it is used at the point-of-care. BMJ. 2017;0:1-2
• McCartney M, Treadwell J, Maskrey N, et al. Making evidence based medicine work for individual patients. BMJ. 2016;353.
• Agoritsas T, Heen AF, Brandt L, et al. Decision aids that really promote shared decision making: the pace quickens. BMJ. 2015;350.
• Stiggelbout AM, Van der Weijden T, De Wit MPT, et al. Shared decision making: really putting patients at the centre of healthcare. BMJ. 2012;344
• Kitson A, Straus SE. The knowledge-to-action cycle: identifying the gaps. CMAJ. 2010;182:E73–7.
• Whitely R. Cultural competence, evidence-based medicine, and evidence-based practices. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58:1588–90.
• Hasnain-Wynia R. Is evidence-based medicine patient-centered and is patient-centered care evidence-based? Health Serv Res. 2006;41:1–8.
• Guyatt G, Cook D, Haynes B. Evidence based medicine has come a long way. BMJ. 2004;329;990–1.
• Kotaska A. Inappropriate use of randomised trials to evaluate complex phenomena: case study of vaginal breech delivery. BMJ. 2004;329:1039–42.
• Lockwood S. “Evidence of me” in evidence based medicine? BMJ. 2004;329;1033–5.
• Slowther A, Ford S, Schofield T. Ethics of evidence based medicine in the primary care setting. J Med Ethics. 2004;30:151–5.
• White B. Making evidence-based medicine doable in everyday practice. Fam Pract Manag 2004;11:51–58.
• Schattner A, Fletcher RH. Research evidence and the individual patient. QJM. 2003;96:1–5.

Websites

• BMJ Rapid Recommendations.
• Cochrane Knowledge Translation.
• Knowledge Translation Unit.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) shared decision making and patient decision aids.