Research
Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies
BMJ 2009; 339 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4567 (Published 25 November 2009) Cite this as: BMJ 2009;339:b4567
Related articles
- Editorial Published: 25 November 2009; BMJ 339 doi:10.1136/bmj.b4980
- General Practice Published: 20 September 1997; BMJ 315 doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.722
- Paper Published: 10 June 2000; BMJ 320 doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1574
- Editorial Published: 26 April 2007; BMJ 334 doi:10.1136/bmj.39175.364954.BE
- Education And Debate Published: 04 September 2003; BMJ 327 doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
- Research Published: 26 July 2011; BMJ 343 doi:10.1136/bmj.d4366
- Analysis Published: 11 August 2011; BMJ 343 doi:10.1136/bmj.d4995
- Research Published: 04 April 2013; BMJ 346 doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325
- Research Published: 04 April 2013; BMJ 346 doi:10.1136/bmj.f1326
- Editorial Published: 09 April 2013; BMJ 346 doi:10.1136/bmj.f2195
- Letter Published: 03 May 2013; BMJ 346 doi:10.1136/bmj.f2741
See more
- Prescribing parkrun: medicalising a walk in the parkBMJ April 08, 2025, 389 r670; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r670
- GPs can prescribe tirzepatide to priority patient groups from JuneBMJ April 02, 2025, 389 r665; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r665
- Exercise referral rates for patients with risk of cardiovascular disease vary widely across England, study reportsBMJ February 12, 2025, 388 r287; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r287
- Cardiovascular disease: Just one in 12 eligible people had health check last year, watchdog findsBMJ November 13, 2024, 387 q2518; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q2518
- Semaglutide’s CVD indication could cost US Medicare $145bn extra a yearBMJ August 28, 2024, 386 q1878; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1878
Cited by...
- Modifiable risk factors for stroke, dementia and late-life depression: a systematic review and DALY-weighted risk factors for a composite outcome
- Estimating the potential impact of the UK salt reduction targets on cardiovascular health outcomes in adults: a modelling study
- Processed food intake assortativity in the personal networks of older adults
- Modifiable Risk Factors for Stroke, Dementia, and Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review and DALY Weighted Risk Factors for a Composite Outcome
- Myeloid Cell Glucocorticoid, Not Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling, Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Humans via Cortisol
- Racial differences in atrial fibrillation-related stroke: A patient-level comparative analysis of UK Biobank and Korean nationwide data
- Predictive role of modifiable factors in stroke: an umbrella review
- Health impact assessment of salt reduction in bread in Portugal: a pilot study
- Daily Salt Intake, its Discretionary Use and Validation of Methods for Estimation using Spot Urine - Findings from Islamabad, Pakistan
- Salt Added to Food and Body Mass Index: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study
- Low blood sodium increases risk and severity of COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study
- National survey to estimate sodium and potassium intake and knowledge attitudes and behaviours towards salt consumption of adults in the Sultanate of Oman
- Feasibility and acceptability of a dietary intervention study to reduce salt intake and increase high-nitrate vegetable consumption among middle-aged and older Malaysian adults with elevated blood pressure: a study protocol
- Salt Reduction to Prevent Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review
- A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing changes in diet and nutrient quality of English primary school childrens packed lunches between 2006 and 2016
- Comparison of salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours between parents and caregivers of children under 18 years of age and other adults who do not care for children under 18 years of age in Victoria, Australia
- Preventive Effect of Oral Administration of Pantoea agglomerans-derived LPS in a Hypertensive Rat Model Upon Salt Loading
- Urinary biomarkers and cardiovascular outcomes in the UK Biobank: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses
- Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure, detected hypertension, stroke and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
- Salt content of instant noodles in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study
- Dietary salt promotes cognitive impairment through tau phosphorylation
- Effects of environmental and genetic risk factors for salt sensitivity on blood pressure in northern China: the systemic epidemiology of salt sensitivity (EpiSS) cohort study
- 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
- 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
- Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies
- Enjoyment of Spicy Flavor Enhances Central Salty-Taste Perception and Reduces Salt Intake and Blood Pressure
- Dietary intake and sources of sodium and potassium among Australian schoolchildren: results from the cross-sectional Salt and Other Nutrients in Children (SONIC) study
- Use of a Single Baseline Versus Multiyear 24-Hour Urine Collection for Estimation of Long-Term Sodium Intake and Associated Cardiovascular and Renal Risk
- Stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial to assess the cardiovascular health effects of a managed aquifer recharge initiative to reduce drinking water salinity in southwest coastal Bangladesh: study design and rationale
- Fried potato consumption is associated with elevated mortality: an 8-y longitudinal cohort study
- Reply to G-C Chen et al.
- Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention
- Estimated reductions in cardiovascular and gastric cancer disease burden through salt policies in England: an IMPACTNCD microsimulation study
- Leveraging ongoing research to evaluate the health impacts of South Africa's salt reduction strategy: a prospective nested cohort within the WHO-SAGE multicountry, longitudinal study
- Potential benefits of healthy food and lifestyle policies for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in Turkish adults by 2025: a modelling study
- Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects: Current Knowledge and Data Gaps
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide
- Geographic and socioeconomic variation of sodium and potassium intake in Italy: results from the MINISAL-GIRCSI programme
- Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Dietary Sodium Restriction with or without Concomitant Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System-Inhibiting Treatment on Albuminuria
- Effects of a behavioral intervention that emphasizes spices and herbs on adherence to recommended sodium intake: results of the SPICE randomized clinical trial
- Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality
- Impacts of In Utero and Early Infant Taste Experiences on Later Taste Acceptance: A Systematic Review
- Role of the Vascular Wall in Sodium Homeostasis and Salt Sensitivity
- Sodium Intake and Cardiovascular Health
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Effects of salt substitutes on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
- Lifestyle-Based Prediction Model for the Prevention of CVD: The Healthy Heart Score
- The Science upon Which to Base Dietary Sodium Policy
- Dietary Salt Intake Exaggerates Sympathetic Reflexes and Increases Blood Pressure Variability in Normotensive Rats
- Socioeconomic inequality in salt intake in Britain 10 years after a national salt reduction programme
- Estimating daily salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-69 years in Shandong, China
- 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
- Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
- 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
- Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys
- Methodological Issues in Cohort Studies That Relate Sodium Intake to Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
- Sodium Excretion and Risk of Developing Coronary Heart Disease
- Lower Levels of Sodium Intake and Reduced Cardiovascular Risk
- Lower Levels of Sodium Intake and Reduced Cardiovascular Risk: The Challenge to Achieve Lower Sodium Recommendations
- Sodium
- Measurement Error Corrected Sodium and Potassium Intake Estimation Using 24-Hour Urinary Excretion
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2014 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Factors Influencing the Decline in Stroke Mortality: A Statement From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
- Incorporating Hypertensive Patient Education on Salt Intake Into an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience
- 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
- 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
- Renal Denervation Prevents Stroke and Brain Injury via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in Hypertensive Rats
- Increased Salt Sensitivity of Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Women With a History of Severe Preeclampsia
- Urinary Excretion of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride, but Not Iodine, Varies by Timing of Collection in a 24-Hour Calibration Study
- Modelling the impact of specific food policy options on coronary heart disease and stroke deaths in Ireland
- Consumption of Plant Seeds and Cardiovascular Health: Epidemiological and Clinical Trial Evidence
- Dabigatran Versus Warfarin: Effects on Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes and Bleeding in Asians and Non-Asians With Atrial Fibrillation
- Does sodium reduction affect mortality?
- Consumer attitudes and understanding of low-sodium claims on food: an analysis of healthy and hypertensive individuals
- The (political) science of salt revisited
- Reducing sodium and increasing potassium intake
- Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
- Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
- The daily 10 kcal expenditure deficit: a before-and-after study on low-cost interventions in the work environment
- Spatial variation of salt intake in Britain and association with socioeconomic status
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Increase in Body Na+/Water Ratio Is Associated With Cerebral Aneurysm Formation in Oophorectomized Rats
- Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
- European Stroke Science Workshop
- Reducing the sodium-potassium ratio in the US diet: a challenge for public health
- Dietary Sodium Intake in Heart Failure
- Alternative Dietary Indices Both Strongly Predict Risk of Chronic Disease
- Dietary Sodium and Risk of Stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study
- Habitual dietary sodium intake is inversely associated with coronary flow reserve in middle-aged male twins
- The development of salty taste acceptance is related to dietary experience in human infants: a prospective study
- Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: developmental and sex-related effects
- Beneficial Effects of Combination of Valsartan and Amlodipine on Salt-Induced Brain Injury in Hypertensive Rats