Randomised controlled trials in Africa of HIV and AIDS: descriptive study and spatial distribution

Comprehensive  African HIV/AIDS RCT search strategy for PUBMED

References for trials included in the African HIV/AIDS database

Comprehensive African HIV/AIDS RCT search strategy for PUBMED

Terms for HIV/AIDS

"Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral"[MeSH:NoExp] OR "HIV Infections"[MeSH] OR "HIV"[MeSH] OR "Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active"[MeSH] OR "Anti-Retroviral Agents"[MeSH] OR "Antiviral Agents"[MeSH:NoExp] OR "AIDS Vaccines"[MeSH] OR "Lymphoma, AIDS-Related"[MeSH] OR hiv[tw] OR hiv-1*[tw] OR hiv-2*[tw] OR hiv1[tw] OR hiv2[tw] OR hiv infect*[tw] OR human immunodeficiency virus[tw] OR human immunedeficiency virus[tw] OR human immuno-deficiency virus[tw] OR human immune-deficiency virus[tw] OR ((human immun*) AND (deficiency virus[tw])) OR acquired immunodeficiency syndrome[tw] OR acquired immunedeficiency syndrome[tw] OR acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome[tw] OR acquired immune-deficiency syndrome[tw] OR ((acquired immun*) AND (deficiency syndrome[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (hiv[tw])) OR antiretroviral*[tw] OR ((anti) AND (retroviral*[tw])) OR HAART[tw] OR ((aids) AND (vaccin*[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (acquired immunodeficiency[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (acquired immunedeficiency[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (acquired immuno-deficiency[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (acquired immune-deficiency[tw])) OR ((anti) AND (acquired immun*) AND (deficiency[tw]))

Terms for Africa

("Africa"[MeSH] OR Africa*[tw] OR Algeria[tw] OR Angola[tw] OR Benin[tw] OR Botswana[tw] OR "Burkina Faso"[tw] OR Burundi[tw] OR Cameroon[tw] OR "Canary Islands"[tw] OR "Cape Verde"[tw] OR "Central African Republic"[tw] OR Chad[tw] OR Comoros[tw] OR Congo[tw] OR "Democratic Republic of Congo"[tw] OR Djibouti[tw] OR Egypt[tw] OR "Equatorial Guinea"[tw] OR Eritrea[tw] OR Ethiopia[tw] OR Gabon[tw] OR Gambia[tw] OR Ghana[tw] OR Guinea[tw] OR "Guinea Bissau"[tw] OR "Ivory Coast"[tw] OR "Cote d’Ivoire"[tw] OR Jamahiriya[tw] OR Jamahiryia[tw] OR Kenya[tw] OR Lesotho[tw] OR Liberia[tw] OR Libya[tw] OR Libia[tw] OR Madagascar[tw] OR Malawi[tw] OR Mali[tw] OR Mauritania[tw] OR Mauritius[tw] OR Mayote[tw] OR Morocco[tw] OR Mozambique[tw] OR Mocambique[tw] OR Namibia[tw] OR Niger[tw] OR Nigeria[tw] OR Principe[tw] OR Reunion[tw] OR Rwanda[tw] OR "Sao Tome"[tw] OR Senegal[tw] OR Seychelles[tw] OR "Sierra Leone"[tw] OR Somalia[tw] OR "South Africa"[tw] OR "St Helena"[tw] OR Sudan[tw] OR Swaziland[tw] OR Tanzania[tw] OR Togo[tw] OR Tunisia[tw] OR Uganda[tw] OR "Western Sahara"[tw] OR Zaire[tw] OR Zambia[tw] OR Zimbabwe[tw] OR "Central Africa"[tw] OR "Central African"[tw] OR "West Africa"[tw] OR "West African"[tw] OR "Western Africa"[tw] OR "Western African"[tw] OR "East Africa"[tw] OR "East African"[tw] OR "Eastern Africa"[tw] OR "Eastern African"[tw] OR "North Africa"[tw] OR "North African"[tw] OR "Northern Africa"[tw] OR "Northern African"[tw] OR "South African"[tw] OR "Southern Africa"[tw] OR "Southern African"[tw] OR "sub Saharan Africa"[tw] OR "sub Saharan African"[tw] OR "subSaharan Africa"[tw] OR "subSaharan African"[tw]) NOT ("guinea pig"[tw] OR "guinea pigs"[tw] OR "aspergillus niger"[tw])

References for trials included in the African HIV/AIDS database

Amadi 2002

1. Amadi B, Mwiya M, Musuku J, Watuka A, Sianongo S, Ayoub A, et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1375-80.
2. Anglaret 1999
3. Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, et al. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:1463-8.
4. Castetbon K, Anglaret X, Attia A, Mahassadi A, Malvy D, Dabis F. Dietary problems in African HIV-1-infected adults, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. COTRIMO-CI Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:357-8.
5. Castetbon K, Attia A, Anglaret X, N’Dri-Yoman T, Sylla-Koko F, Malvy D, et al. [Nutrition problems experienced by adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)]. Sante 2000;10:11-7.
6. Castetbon K, Anglaret X, Attia A, Toure S, Dakoury-Dogbo N, Messou E, et al. Effect of early chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole on nutritional status evolution in HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Aids 2001;15:869-76.
7. Anglaret X, Dakoury-Dogbo N, Bonard D, Toure S, Combe P, Ouassa T, et al. Causes and empirical treatment of fever in HIV-infected adult outpatients, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Aids 2002;16:909-18.

Baeten 2001

1. Baeten JM, McClelland RS, Richardson BA, Bankson DD, Lavreys L, Wener MH, et al. Vitamin A deficiency and the acute phase response among HIV-1-infected and -uninfected women in Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;31:243-9.
2. Baeten JM, McClelland RS, Overbaugh J, Richardson BA, Emery S, Lavreys L, et al. Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1187-91.

Bakeine 1997

1. Bakeine J MP, PN. M. The effect of early nutritional supplementation with Nutrifil or Corn Soya Blend on the nutritional and immune status of adults with HIV infection in Uganda. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 1997;56:282A.

Bassett 1998

1. Study finds peer education is an effective prevention method. AIDSlink 1998:15.
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Bekker 2000

1. Bekker LG HP, Maartens G, Steyn L, Kaplan G. Thalidomide-induced antigen-specific immune stimulation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and tuberculosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;181:954-65.

Bryan 1990

1. Bryan JP, Hira SK, Brady W, Luo N, Mwale C, Mpoko G, et al. Oral ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of urethritis from resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zambia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:819-22.

Byrne 1991a

1. Byrne DG MP, Mulvaney M, M. M-K. The effect of nutritional supplementation on weight and clinical management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rural Uganda. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 1999;58:154A.

Byrne 1991b

1. Byrne DG MP, Mulvaney M, M. M-K. The effect of nutritional supplementation on weight and clinical management of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in rural Uganda. Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 1999;58:154A.

CAESAR 1997

1. Anonymous. Combinations offer best hope of beating AIDS. Pharmacy in Practice. 1997;7:287
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Coutsoudis 1995

1. Coutsoudis A, Bobat RA, Coovadia HM, Kuhn L, Tsai WY, Stein ZA. The effects of vitamin A supplementation on the morbidity of children born to HIV-infected women. Am J Public Health 1995;85:1076-81.

Coutsoudis 1999

1. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, Kuhn L, Coovadia HM. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Aids 1999;13:1517-24.
2. Kennedy CM, Coutsoudis A, Kuhn L, Pillay K, Mburu A, Stein Z, et al. Randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on maternal morbidity during pregnancy and postpartum among HIV-infected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;24:37-44.
3. Kennedy-Oji C, Coutsoudis A, Kuhn L, Pillay K, Mburu A, Stein Z, et al. Effects of vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation on body weight of South African HIV-infected women. J Health Popul Nutr 2001;19:167-76.
4. Coutsoudis A CH, Pillay K, Kuhn L. Are HIV-infected women who breastfeed at increased risk of mortality? Aids 2001;15:653-5.
5. Filteau SM, Rollins NC, Coutsoudis A, Sullivan KR, Willumsen JF, Tomkins AM. The effect of antenatal vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation on gut integrity of infants of HIV-infected South African women. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;32:464-70.

Dabis 1999

1. Msellati P, Ramon R, Viho I, Noba V, Mandelbrot L, Dabis F, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: uptake of pregnant women in a clinical trial in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Aids 1998;12:1257-8.
2. DITRAME ANRS 049 Study Group. 15-month efficacy of maternal oral zidovudine to decrease vertical transmission of HIV-1 in breastfed African children. Lancet 1999;354:2050-1.
3. Dabis F, Elenga N, Meda N, Leroy V, Viho I, Manigart O, et al. 18-Month mortality and perinatal exposure to zidovudine in West Africa. Aids 2001;15:771-9.
4. Dabis F, Msellati P, Meda N, Welffens-Ekra C, You B, Manigart O, et al. 6-month efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of a short regimen of oral zidovudine to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in breastfed children in Cote d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. DITRAME Study Group. DIminution de la Transmission Mere-Enfant. Lancet 1999;353:786-92.
5. Msellati P, Meda N, Welffens-Ekra C, Leroy V, Van de Perre P, Mandelbrot L, et al. Zidovudine and reduction of vertical transmission of HIV in Africa. ANRS 049 Trial Group. Am J Public Health 1999;89:947-8.
6. Castetbon K, Manigart O, Bonard D, Thomas MJ, Dumon MF, Malvy D, et al. Maternal vitamin A status and mother-to-child transmission of HIV in West Africa. DITRAME Study Group. Aids 2000;14:908-10.
7. Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, Ekpini ER, Meda N, Greenberg AE, et al. Twenty-four month efficacy of a maternal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa. Aids 2002;16:631-41.
8. Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, Ekpini ER, van de Perre P, Greenberg AE, et al. Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 after a maternal short-course zidovudine peripartum regimen in West Africa. Aids 2003;17:1493-501.

Fawzi 1998

1. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, et al. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 1998;351:1477-82.
2. Castetbon K, Leroy V, Dabis F. Vitamin A supplementation and HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Africa. Lancet 1998;352:653-5.
3. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, Hunter DJ. Rationale and design of the Tanzania Vitamin and HIV Infection Trial. Control Clin Trials 1999;20:75-90.
4. Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, Urassa E, Renjifo B, Mwakagile D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23:246-54.
5. Fawzi W, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Renjifo B, Bang H, Kapiga S, et al. Transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding among women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;31:331-8.
6. Kapiga SH, Bang H, Spiegelman D, Msamanga GI, Coley J, Hunter DJ, et al. Correlates of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load among HIV-1-seropositive women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:316-23.
7. Villamor E, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Antelman G, Peterson KE, Hunter DJ, et al. Effect of multivitamin and vitamin A supplements on weight gain during pregnancy among HIV-1-infected women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1082-90.
8. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Hunter D, Renjifo B, Antelman G, Bang H, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality. Aids 2002;16:1935-44.
9. Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Wei R, Spiegelman D, Antelman G, Villamor E, et al. Effect of providing vitamin supplements to human immunodeficiency virus-infected, lactating mothers on the child’s morbidity and CD4+ cell counts. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1053-62.

Fawzi 1999

1. Fawzi WW, Mbise RL, Hertzmark E, Fataki MR, Herrera MG, Ndossi G, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A supplements in relation to mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children in Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:127-33.
2. Villamor E, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Ndossi G, Fawzi WW. Vitamin A supplementation and other predictors of anemia among children from Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62:590-7.
3. Fawzi WW, Mbise R, Spiegelman D, Fataki M, Hertzmark E, Ndossi G. Vitamin A supplements and diarrheal and respiratory tract infections among children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. J Pediatr 2000;137:660-7.
4. Fonck 2000
5. Fonck K, Kaul R, Kimani J, Keli F, MacDonald KS, Ronald AR, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 in Kenyan sex workers: study design and baseline findings. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:804-11.
6. Kaul R, Kimani J, Nagelkerke NJ, Fonck K, Keli F, MacDonald KS, et al. Reduced HIV risk-taking and low HIV incidence after enrollment and risk-reduction counseling in a sexually transmitted disease prevention trial in Nairobi, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;30:69-72.

French 2000

1. Gilks CF. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting at Manson House, London, 12 December 1996. HIV and pneumococcal infection in Africa. Clinical, epidemiological and preventative aspects. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997;91:627-31.
2. French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, Lugada E, Watera C, Moi K, et al. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:2106-11.

Gathe 2002

1. Gathe J, Jr, Badaro R, Grimwood A, Abrams L, Klesczewski K, Cross A, McLaren C. Antiviral activity of enteric-coated didanosine, stavudine, and nelfinavir versus zidovudine plus lamivudine and nelfinavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: JAIDS 2002;31:399-403.

Ghys 2001

1. Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Satten GA, Anoma CK, Maurice C, et al. Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers. Aids 2001;15:1421-31.

Gichangi 1997

1. Gichangi PB, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ombete J, Nagelkerke NJ, Temmerman M. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in pregnancy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with cefetamet-pivoxil in pregnant women with a poor obstetric history. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:680-4.

Gomo 2003

1. Gomo E, Filteau SM, Tomkins AM, Ndhlovu P, Michaelsen KF, Friis H. Subclinical mastitis among HIV-infected and uninfected Zimbabwean women participating in a multimicronutrient supplementation trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003;97:212-6.

Gooskens 1994

1. Gooskens V, Ponnighaus JM, Clayton Y, Mkandawire P, Sterne JA. Treatment of superficial mycoses in the tropics: Whitfield’s ointment versus clotrimazole. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:738-42.

Gorter 1997

1. Gorter R. Iscador update: interview with Robert Gorter, M.D. Interview by Fred Gardner. AIDS Treat News 1998:7-8 contd. Studies are unpublished. Additional data obtained from authors

Gorter 2000

1. Gorter R. Iscador update: interview with Robert Gorter, M.D. Interview by Fred Gardner. AIDS Treat News 1998:7-8 contd. Studies are unpublished. Additional data obtained from authors

Grosskurth 1995

1. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Senkoro K, Newell J, Klokke A, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 2. Baseline survey results. Aids 1995;9:927-34.
2. Hayes R, Mosha F, Nicoll A, Grosskurth H, Newell J, Todd J, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 1. Design. Aids 1995;9:919-26.
3. Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Mwijarubi E, Klokke A, Senkoro K, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1995;346:530-6.
4. Mayaud P, Mosha F, Todd J, Balira R, Mgara J, West B, et al. Improved treatment services significantly reduce the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in rural Tanzania: results of a randomized controlled trial. Aids 1997;11:1873-80.
5. Gilson L, Mkanje R, Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Picard J, Gavyole A, et al. Cost-effectiveness of improved treatment services for sexually transmitted diseases in preventing HIV-1 infection in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Lancet 1997;350:1805-9.
6. Mayaud P, Ka-Gina G, Grosskurth H. Effectiveness, impact and cost of syndromic management of sexually transmitted diseases in Tanzania. Int J STD AIDS 1998;9(suppl 1):11-4.
7. Gisselquist D, Potterat JJ. Confound it: latent lessons from the Mwanza trial of STD treatment to reduce HIV transmission. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:179-84

Guay 1999

1. Lurie P, Wolfe SM, Jackson B, Mmiro F, Campa AM, Shor-Posner G, et al. HIVNET nevirapine trials (multiple letters). Lancet 1999;354:1816-8
2. Simonds RJ. AIDS drug trials in Thailand and Uganda. Nat Med 1999;5:1217.
3. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:795-802.
4. McCarthy M. Low-cost drug cuts perinatal HIV-transmission rate. Lancet 1999;354:309.
5. James JS. Major advance in protecting newborns: one Nevirapine dose cuts infection in half. AIDS Treat News 1999:1-2.
6. Eshleman SH, Guay LA, Fleming T, Mwatha A, Mracna M, Becker-Pergola G, et al. Survival of Ugandan infants with subtype A and D HIV-1 infection (HIVNET 012). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;31:327-30.
7. Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 2003;362:859-68.

Hakim 2000

1. Hakim JG, Ternouth I, Mushangi E, Siziya S, Robertson V, Malin A. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of adjunctive prednisolone in the treatment of effusive tuberculous pericarditis in HIV seropositive patients. Heart 2000;84:183-8.

Haller 1999

1. Haller L, Sossouhounto R, Coulibaly IM, Dosso M, Kone M, Adom H, et al. Isoniazid plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine can reduce morbidity of HIV-positive patients treated for tuberculosis in Africa: a controlled clinical trial. Chemotherapy 1999;45:452-65.

Hawken 1997

1. Hawken MP, Meme HK, Elliott LC, Chakaya JM, Morris JS, Githui WA, et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. Aids 1997;11:875-82.

Joly 1996

1. Joly V, Aubry P, Ndayiragide A, Carriere I, Kawa E, Mlika-Cabanne N, et al. Randomized comparison of amphotericin B deoxycholate dissolved in dextrose or Intralipid for the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:556-62.

Jorgenson 1990

1. Jorgensen AF, Mwakyusa D, Cegielski P, Gotzsche P, Hording M, Lallinger G, et al. The effect of fusidic acid on Tanzanian patients with AIDS. Aids 1990;4:1037-8.

Kamali 2003

1. Kamali A, Kinsman J, Nalweyiso N, Mitchell K, Kanyesigye E, Kengeya-Kayondo JF, et al. A community randomized controlled trial to investigate impact of improved STD management and behavioural interventions on HIV incidence in rural Masaka, Uganda: trial design, methods and baseline findings. Trop Med Int Health 2002;7:1053-63.
2. Kamali A, Quigley M, Nakiyingi J, Kinsman J, Kengeya-Kayondo J, Gopal R, et al. Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behaviour change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: a community randomised trial. Lancet 2003;361:645-52.
3. Powles J, Day N. Syndromic STI and behaviour-change interventions in Uganda. Lancet 2003;361:2086.
4. O’Farrell N. Syndromic STI and behaviour-change interventions in Uganda. Lancet 2003;361:2085.
5. Mann JR, Adam MB. Syndromic STI and behaviour-change interventions in Uganda. Lancet 2003;361:2085.

Katabira 1998

1. Katabira ET, Sewankambo NK, Mugerwa RD, Belsey EM, Mubiru FX, Othieno C, et al. Lack of efficacy of low dose oral interferon alfa in symptomatic HIV-1 infection: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:265-70.

Kelly 1996

1. Kelly P, Lungu F, Keane E, Baggaley R, Kazembe F, Pobee J, et al. Albendazole chemotherapy for treatment of diarrhoea in patients with AIDS in Zambia: a randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 1996;312:1187-91.
2. Allen TW. Albendazole treatment of diarrhea in Zambians with AIDS. J Am Osteopathic Assoc 1996;96:336

Kelly 1999

1. Kelly P, Musonda R, Kafwembe E, Kaetano L, Keane E, Farthing M. Micronutrient supplementation in the AIDS diarrhoea-wasting syndrome in Zambia: a randomized controlled trial. Aids 1999;13:495-500.

Kennedy 1996

1. Kennedy N, Fox R, Kisyombe GM, Saruni AO, Uiso LO, Ramsay AR, et al. Early bactericidal and sterilizing activities of ciprofloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1547-51.
2. Kennedy N, Berger L, Curram J, Fox R, Gutmann J, Kisyombe GM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a drug regimen that includes ciprofloxacin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:827-33.

Kiarie 2003

1. Kiarie JN, Kreiss JK, Richardson BA, John-Stewart GC. Compliance with antiretroviral regimens to prevent perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Kenya. Aids 2003;17(1):65-71.

Klugman 2003

1. Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, Kohberger R, Mbelle N, Pierce N. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1341-8.

Kreiss 1992

1. Kreiss J, Ngugi E, Holmes K, Ndinya-Achola J, Waiyaki P, Roberts PL, et al. Efficacy of nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge use in preventing heterosexual acquisition of HIV in Nairobi prostitutes. JAMA 1992;268:477-82.

Kumwenda 2002

1. Semba RD, Kumwenda N, Taha TE, Mtimavalye L, Broadhead R, Miotti PG, et al. Plasma and breast milk vitamin A as indicators of vitamin A status in pregnant women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2000;70:271-7.
2. Kumwenda N, Miotti PG, Taha TE, Broadhead R, Biggar RJ, Jackson JB, et al. Antenatal vitamin A supplementation increases birth weight and decreases anemia among infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:618-24.

Lule 1994

1. Lule G, Behets FM, Hoffman IF, Dallabetta G, Hamilton HA, Moeng S, et al. STD/HIV control in Malawi and the search for affordable and effective urethritis therapy: a first field evaluation. Genitourin Med 1994;70:384-8.

MacNeil 1999

1. MacNeil JM, Mberesero F, Kilonzo G. Is care and support associated with preventive behaviour among people with HIV? AIDS Care 1999;11:537-46.

Malonza 1999

1. Malonza IM, Tyndall MW, Ndinya-Achola JO, Maclean I, Omar S, MacDonald KS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single-dose ciprofloxacin versus erythromycin for the treatment of chancroid in Nairobi, Kenya. J Infect Dis 1999;180:1886-93.

Mayanja 1998

1. Mayanja-Kizza H, Oishi K, Mitarai S, Yamashita H, Nalongo K, Watanabe K, et al. Combination therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in Ugandan patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1362-6.

Maynart 2001

1. Maynart M, Lievre L, Sow PS, Kony S, Gueye NF, Bassene E, et al. Primary prevention with cotrimoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults: results of the pilot study in Dakar, Senegal. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001;26:130-6.

Molyneux 2003

1. Molyneux EM, Tembo M, Kayira K, Bwanaisa L, Mweneychanya J, Njobvu A, et al. The effect of HIV infection on paediatric bacterial meningitis in Blantyre, Malawi. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:1112-8.

Moodley 2003

1. Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H, Gray G, McIntyre J, Hofmyer J, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2003;187:725-35.

Mwinga 1998

1. Mwinga A, Hosp M, Godfrey-Faussett P, Quigley M, Mwaba P, Mugala BN, et al. Twice weekly tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV infection in Zambia. Aids 1998;12:2447-57.
2. Quigley MA, Mwinga A, Hosp M, Lisse I, Fuchs D, Porter JDH, et al. Long-term effect of preventive therapy for tuberculosis in a cohort of HIV-infected Zambian adults. Aids 2001;15:215-22.

Mwinga 2002

1. Mwinga A, Nunn A, Ngwira B, Chintu C, Warndorff D, Fine P, et al. Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL172) immunotherapy as an adjunct to standard antituberculosis treatment in HIV-infected adults with pulmonary tuberculosis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1050-5.

Nduati 2000

1. Nduati R, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Richardson B, Overbaugh J, Mwatha A, et al. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2000;283:1167-74.
2. Nduati R, Richardson BA, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Mwatha A, Ndinya-Achola J, et al. Effect of breastfeeding on mortality among HIV-1 infected women: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1651-5.
3. Mbori-Ngacha D, Nduati R, John G, Reilly M, Richardson B, Mwatha A, et al. Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and formula-fed infants of HIV-1-infected women: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2001;286:2413-20.

Nebavi 1998

1. Nebavi F, Arnavielhe S, Le Guennec R, Menan E, Kacou A, Combe P, et al. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients from Abidjan (Ivory Coast): antifungal susceptibilities and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Candida albicans isolates. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998;46:307-14.

Newell 1998

1. Newell ML, Parazzini F, Mandelbrot L, Peckham C, Semprini A, Bazin B, et al. A randomised trial of mode of delivery in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:281-5.

Nyst 1992

1. Nyst MJ, Perriens JH, Kimputu L, Lumbila M, Nelson AM, Piot P. Gentian violet, ketoconazole and nystatin in oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in Zairian AIDS patients. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1992;72:45-52.

Okwera 1994

1. Okwera A, Whalen C, Byekwaso F, Vjecha M, Johnson J, Huebner R, et al. Randomised trial of thiacetazone and rifampicin-containing regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected Ugandans. The Makerere University-Case Western University Research Collaboration. Lancet 1994;344:1323-8.
2. Wallis RS, Helfand MS, Whalen CC, Johnson JL, Mugerwa RD, Vjecha M, et al. Immune activation, allergic drug toxicity and mortality in HIV-positive tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1996;77:516-23.
3. Okwera A, Johnson JL, Vjecha MJ, Wolski K, Whalen CC, Hom D, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug reactions during thiacetazone treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997;1:441-5.

Onyebujoh 1995

1. Onyebujoh PC, Abdulmumini T, Robinson S, Rook GA, Stanford JL. Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae as an addition to chemotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis under difficult conditions in Africa. Respir Med 1995;89:199-207.

Perriens 1995

1. Pulido F, Pena JM, Rubio R. Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Zaire. N Engl J Med 1995;333:519; author reply 520.
2. Perriens JH, St Louis ME, Mukadi YB, Brown C, Prignot J, Pouthier F, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Zaire. A controlled trial of treatment for either 6 or 12 months. N Engl J Med 1995;332:779-84.

PETRA 2002

1. Cohen J. Cheap treatment cuts HIV transmission. Science 1999;283:916-7.
2. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1178-86.

Price 2003

1. Price MA, Zimba D, Hoffman IF, Kaydos-Daniels SC, Miller WC, Martinson F, et al. Addition of treatment for trichomoniasis to syndromic management of urethritis in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 2003;30:516-22.

Prignot 1991

1. Prignot J, Mukadi Y, Perriens J, Kaboto M, Roscigno G, Portaels F, et al. [Short or prolonged chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV subjects in Kinshara (Zaire)]. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 1991;8:R7.

Ray 2001

1. Ray S, van De Wijgert J, Mason P, Ndowa F, Maposhere C. Constraints faced by sex workers in use of female and male condoms for safer sex in urban Zimbabwe. J Urban Health 2001;78:581-92.

Richardson 2001

1. Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Martin HL, Jr., Stevens CE, Ngugi E, Mandaliya K, et al. Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:394-400.

Ritmeijer 2001

1. Ritmeijer K, Veeken H, Melaku Y, Leal G, Amsalu R, Seaman J, Davidson RN. Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis: Generic and proprietary sodium stibogluconate are equivalent; HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:668-672.

Roddy 1998

1. NIAID evaluates N-9 film as microbicide. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. NIAID AIDS Agenda 1997; Aug:10-1.
2. N-9 film study a blow for microbicide research. Aids Alert 1997;12:66-8.
3. Spermicide film does not halt AIDS, study finds. AIDS Wkly Plus 1997; Apr 14: 8-9.
4. Roddy RE, Zekeng L, Ryan KA, Tamoufe U, Weir SS, Wong EL. A controlled trial of nonoxynol 9 film to reduce male-to-female transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 1998;339:504-10.

Roddy 2002

1. Roddy RE, Zekeng L, Ryan KA, Tamoufe U, Tweedy KG. Effect of nonoxynol-9 gel on urogenital gonorrhea and chlamydial infection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:1117-22.

Sanne 2003

1. Sanne I PP, Squires K, Thiry A, Schnittman S, AI424-007 Clinical Trial Group. Results of a phase 2 clinical trial at 48 weeks (AI424-007): a dose-ranging, safety, and efficacy comparative trial of atazanavir at three doses in combination with didanosine and stavudine in antiretroviral-naive subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr: JAIDS 2003;32:18-29.

Schon 2003

1. Schon T, Elias D, Moges F, Melese E, Tessema T, Stendahl O, et al. Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2003;21:483-8.

Schwander 1995

1. Schwander S, Rusch-Gerdes S, Mateega A, Lutalo T, Tugume S, Kityo C, et al. A pilot study of antituberculosis combinations comparing rifabutin with rifampicin in the treatment of HIV-1 associated tuberculosis. A single-blind randomized evaluation in Ugandan patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1995;76:210-8.
2. Schwander SK, Dietrich M, Mugyenyi P, Kityo C, Okwera A, Johnson J, et al. Clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 associated pulmonary tuberculosis during short-course antituberculosis therapy. East Afr Med J 1997;74:543-8.

Shapiro 2003

1. Shapiro RL, Lockman S, Thior I, Stocking L, Kebaabetswe P, Wester C, et al. Low adherence to recommended infant feeding strategies among HIV-infected women: results from the pilot phase of a randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana. AIDS Educ Prev 2003;15:221-30.

SIMBA

1. Das P. Feeding risk cut for HIV-infected women. Lancet 2003;362:300. Unpublished study. Additional data obtained from authors.

Taha 2003

1. Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Gibbons A, Broadhead RL, Fiscus S, Lema V, et al. Short postexposure prophylaxis in newborn babies to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: NVAZ randomised clinical trial. Lancet 2003;362:1171-7.

Tyndall 1994

1. Tyndall MW, Agoki E, Plummer FA, Malisa W, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald AR. Single dose azithromycin for the treatment of chancroid: a randomized comparison with erythromycin. Sex Transm Dis 1994;21:231-4.
2. Ballard RC, Ye H, Matta A, Dangor Y, Radebe F. Treatment of chancroid with azithromycin. Int J STD AIDS 1996;7(suppl 1):9-12.

Van Damme 2003

1. Brannigan M. Spermicide by Columbia Labs fails to stop HIV in clinical trial. Women Alive 2000; Spring:10.
2. Van Damme L, Ramjee G, Alary M, Vuylsteke B, Chandeying V, Rees H, et al. Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:971-7.

Wallis 1996

1. Wallis RS, Nsubuga P, Whalen C, Mugerwa RD, Okwera A, Oette D, Jackson JB, Johnson JL, Ellner JJ. Pentoxifylline therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive persons with tuberculosis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1996;174:727-733

Wawer 1999

1. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Paxton L, Berkley S, et al. A randomized, community trial of intensive sexually transmitted disease control for AIDS prevention, Rakai, Uganda. Aids 1998;12:1211-25.
2. Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Quinn TC, Paxton LA, Kiwanuka N, et al. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. Rakai Project Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:525-35.
3. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Li C, Moulton LH, et al. Relative risks and population attributable fraction of incident HIV associated with symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and treatable symptomatic sexually transmitted diseases in Rakai District, Uganda. Rakai Project Team. Aids 1999;13:2113-23.
4. Ahmed S, Lutalo T, Wawer M, Serwadda D, Sewankambo NK, Nalugoda F, et al. HIV incidence and sexually transmitted disease prevalence associated with condom use: a population study in Rakai, Uganda. Aids 2001;15:2171-9.
5. Gray RH, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kigozi G, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Moulton LH, et al. Randomized trial of presumptive sexually transmitted disease therapy during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1209-17.
6. Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Lutalo T, et al. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. Aids 2003;17:2539-41.
7. Orroth KK, Korenromp EL, White RG, Changalucha J, de Vlas SJ, Gray RH, et al. Comparison of STD prevalences in the Mwanza, Rakai, and Masaka trial populations: the role of selection bias and diagnostic errors. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:98-105.
8. Orroth KK, Korenromp EL, White RG, Gavyole A, Gray RH, Muhangi L, et al. Higher risk behaviour and rates of sexually transmitted diseases in Mwanza compared to Uganda may help explain HIV prevention trial outcomes. Aids 2003;17:2653-60.

Whalen 1997

1. Whalen CC, Johnson JL, Okwera A, Hom DL, Huebner R, Mugyenyi P, et al. A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration. N Engl J Med 1997;337:801-8.
2. Pekovic V, Mayanja H, Vjecha M, Johnson J, Okwera A, Nsubuga P, et al. Comparison of three composite compliance indices in a trial of self-administered preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:597-607.
3. Johnson JL OA, Hom DL, Mayanja H, Mutuluuza Kityo C, Nsubuga P, Nakibali JG, et al, Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration. Duration of efficacy of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults. Aids 2001;15:2137-47.

Wiktor 1999a

1. Wiktor SZ, Ekpini E, Karon JM, Nkengasong J, Maurice C, Severin ST, et al. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:781-5.
2. Ekpini RA, Nkengasong JN, Sibailly T, Maurice C, Adje C, Monga BB, et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1-RNA viral load and CD4 cell counts, and lack of zidovudine resistance among pregnant women receiving short-course zidovudine. Aids 2002;16:625-30.
3. Leroy V, Karon JM, Alioum A, Ekpini ER, Meda N, Greenberg AE, et al. Twenty-four month efficacy of a maternal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa. Aids 2002;16:631-41.
4. Jamieson DJ, Sibailly TS, Sadek R, Roels TH, Ekpini ER, Boni-Ouattara E, et al. HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breast-feeding population in Cote d’Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;34:430-6.

Wiktor 1999b

1. Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, et al. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:1469-75.
2. Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, et al.. Erratum: Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: A randomised controlled trial (Lancet (1999) May 1 (1469)). Lancet 1999;353:2078.

Terms for RCT study types

Randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized controlled trials[MeSH] OR random allocation[MeSH] OR double-blind method[MeSH] OR single-blind method[MeSH] OR clinical trial[pt] OR clinical trials[MeSH] OR ("clinical trial"[tw]) OR ((singl*[tw] OR doubl*[tw] OR trebl*[tw] OR tripl*[tw]) AND (mask*[tw] OR blind*[tw])) OR (placebos[MeSH] OR placebo*[tw] OR random*[tw] OR research design[MeSH:NoExp] OR comparative study[MeSH] OR evaluation studies[MeSH] OR follow-up studies[MeSH] OR prospective studies[MeSH] OR control*[tw] OR prospectiv*[tw] OR volunteer*[tw]) NOT (animals[MeSH] NOT human[MeSH])