Interventions used in disease management programmes for patients with chronic illnesswhich ones work? Meta-analysis of published reports

Appendix 1: The search strategy
 

References for table 1 of full version

1. 16045 J. Berg, J. Dunbar-Jacob, and S. M. Sereika. An evaluation of a self-management program for adults with asthma. Clin Nurs Res 6 (3):225-238, 1997.
2. 10618 Anonymous. Integrated care for asthma: a clinical, social, and economic evaluation. Grampian Asthma Study of Integrated Care (GRASSIC). BMJ 308 (6928):559-564, 1994.
3. 16055 W. C. Bailey, J. M. Richards, Jr., C. M. Brooks, S. J. Soong, R. A. Windsor, and B. A. Manzella. A randomized trial to improve self-management practices of adults with asthma. Arch Intern Med 150 (8):1664-1668, 1990.
4. 16046 J. Cote, A. Cartier, P. Robichaud, H. Boutin, J. L. Malo, M. Rouleau, A. Fillion, M. Lavallee, M. Krusky, and L. P. Boulet. Influence on asthma morbidity of asthma education programs based on self-management plans following treatment optimization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 (5):1509-1514, 1997.
5. 16051 J. M. Ignacio-Garcia and P. Gonzalez-Santos. Asthma self-management education program by home monitoring of peak expiratory flow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 (2 Pt 1):353-359, 1995.
6. 7516 E. Mulloy, D. Donaghy, C. Quigley, and W. T. McNicholas. A one-year prospective audit of an asthma education programme in an out- patient setting. Ir Med J 89 (6):226-228, 1996.
7. 67 J. K. Sont, L. N. Willems, E. H. Bel, J. H. van Krieken, J. P. Vandenbroucke, and P. J. Sterk. Clinical control and histopathologic outcome of asthma when using airway hyperresponsiveness as an additional guide to long-term treatment. The AMPUL Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (4 Pt 1):1043-1051, 1999.
8. 16054 R. A. Windsor, W. C. Bailey, J. M. Richards, Jr., B. Manzella, S. J. Soong, and M. Brooks. Evaluation of the efficacy and cost effectiveness of health education methods to increase medication adherence among adults with asthma. Am J Public Health 80 (12):1519-1521, 1990.
9. 2994 A. R. Heard, I. J. Richards, J. H. Alpers, L. S. Pilotto, B. J. Smith, and J. A. Black. Randomised controlled trial of general practice based asthma clinics. Med J Aust 171 (2):68-71, 1999.
10. 2335--M. Rossignol, L. Abenhaim, P. Seguin, A. Neveu, J. P. Collet, T. Ducruet, and S. Shapiro. Coordination of primary health care for back pain. A randomized controlled trial. Spine 25 (2):251-258, 2000.
11. 7541--Meeuwesen, F. J. Huyse, G. T. Koopmans, and J. J. Heimans. Supervised integrated screening of low-back pain patients by a neurologist. A randomized clinical trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18 (6):385-394, 1996.
12. 3840--H. Alaranta, U. Rytokoski, A. Rissanen, S. Talo, T. Ronnemaa, P. Puukka, S. L. Karppi, T. Videman, V. Kallio, and P. Slatis. Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical trial. Spine 19 (12):1339-1349, 1994.
13. 13113--K. Harkapaa, A. Jarvikoski, G. Mellin, and H. Hurri. A controlled study on the outcome of inpatient and outpatient treatment of low back pain. Part I. Pain, disability, compliance, and reported treatment benefits three months after treatment. Scand J Rehabil Med 21 (2):81-89, 1989.
14. 1283--J. E. Moore, M. Von Korff, D. Cherkin, K. Saunders, and K. Lorig. A randomized trial of a cognitive-behavioral program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting. Pain 88 (2):145-153, 2000.
15. 467--M. Von Korff, J. E. Moore, K. Lorig, D. C. Cherkin, K. Saunders, V. M. Gonzalez, D. Laurent, C. Rutter, and F. Comite. A randomized trial of a lay person-led self-management group intervention for back pain patients in primary care. Spine 23 (23):2608-2615, 1998.
16. 10338--R. F. DeBusk, N. H. Miller, H. R. Superko, C. A. Dennis, R. J. Thomas, H. T. Lew, W. E. Berger, III, R. S. Heller, J. Rompf, D. Gee, and . A case-management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 120 (9):721-729, 1994.
17. 172---K. Jolly, F. Bradley, S. Sharp, H. Smith, and D. Mant. Follow-up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: initial results of the SHIP trial. Southampton Heart Integrated Care Project. Fam Pract 15 (6):548-555, 1998.
18. 661--R. F. Heller, C. D'Este, L. L. Lim, R. L. O'Connell, and H. Powell. Randomised controlled trial to change the hospital management of unstable angina. Med J Aust 174 (5):217-221, 2001.
19. 8649--E. Lidell and B. Fridlund. Long-term effects of a comprehensive rehabilitation programme after myocardial infarction. Scand J Caring Sci 10 (2):67-74, 1996.
20. 8727--H. Hamalainen, O. J. Luurila, V. Kallio, and L. R. Knuts. Reduction in sudden deaths and coronary mortality in myocardial infarction patients after rehabilitation. 15 year follow-up study. Eur Heart J 16 (12):1839-1844, 1995.
21. 16064--B. Hedback, J. Perk, and P. Wodlin. Long-term reduction of cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction: 10-year results of a comprehensive rehabilitation programme. Eur Heart J 14 (6):831-835, 1993.
22. 10451--I. B. Jensen, A. Nygren, and A. Lundin. Cognitive-behavioural treatment for workers with chronic spinal pain: a matched and controlled cohort study in Sweden. Occup Environ Med 51 (3):145-151, 1994.
23. 12880--J. L. Peters and R. G. Large. A randomised control trial evaluating in- and outpatient pain management programmes. Pain 41 (3):283-293, 1990.
24. 553--C. M. Cline, B. Y. Israelsson, R. B. Willenheimer, K. Broms, and L. R. Erhardt. Cost effective management programme for heart failure reduces hospitalisation. Heart 80 (5):442-446, 1998.
25. 3020--W. A. Gattis, V. Hasselblad, D. J. Whellan, and C. M. O'Connor. Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team: results of the Pharmacist in Heart Failure Assessment Recommendation and Monitoring (PHARM) Study. Arch Intern Med 159 (16):1939-1945, 1999.
26. 900--B. Riegel, B. Carlson, D. Glaser, and P. Hoagland. Which patients with heart failure respond best to multidisciplinary disease management? J Card Fail 6 (4):290-299, 2000.
27. 3810--S. Stewart, J. E. Marley, and J. D. Horowitz. Effects of a multidisciplinary, home-based intervention on unplanned readmissions and survival among patients with chronic congestive heart failure: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 354 (9184):1077-1083, 1999.
28. 916--I. Ekman, B. Andersson, M. Ehnfors, G. Matejka, B. Persson, and B. Fagerberg. Feasibility of a nurse-monitored, outpatient-care programme for elderly patients with moderate-to-severe, chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 19 (8):1254-1260, 1998.
29. 222--E. Z. Oddone, M. Weinberger, A. Giobbie-Hurder, P. Landsman, and W. Henderson. Enhanced access to primary care for patients with congestive heart failure. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Primary Care and Hospital Readmission. Eff Clin Pract 2 (5):201-209, 1999.
30. 7746--M. W. Rich, V. Beckham, C. Wittenberg, C. L. Leven, K. E. Freedland, and R. M. Carney. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 333 (18):1190-1195, 1995.
31. 10993--M. W. Rich, J. M. Vinson, J. C. Sperry, A. S. Shah, L. R. Spinner, M. K. Chung, and V. Davila-Roman. Prevention of readmission in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: results of a prospective, randomized pilot study. J Gen Intern Med 8 (11):585-590, 1993.
32. 3813--T. Jaarsma, R. Halfens, H. Huijer Abu-Saad, K. Dracup, T. Gorgels, J. van Ree, and J. Stappers. Effects of education and support on self-care and resource utilization in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 20 (9):673-682, 1999.
33. 16060--J. H. Strijbos, D. S. Postma, R. van Altena, F. Gimeno, and G. H. Koeter. A comparison between an outpatient hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program and a home-care pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with COPD. A follow-up of 18 months. Chest 109 (2):366-372, 1996.
34. 805 D. K. Solomon, T. S. Portner, G. E. Bass, D. R. Gourley, G. A. Gourley, J. M. Holt, W. R. Wicke, R. L. Braden, T. N. Eberle, T. H. Self, and B. L. Lawrence. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 38 (5):574-585, 1998.
35. 16061--A. L. Ries, R. M. Kaplan, T. M. Limberg, and L. M. Prewitt. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 122 (11):823-832, 1995.
36. 1857--K. E. Bendstrup, Jensen J. Ingemann, S. Holm, and B. Bengtsson. Out-patient rehabilitation improves activities of daily living, quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 10 (12):2801-2806, 1997.
37. 11858--L. Tougaard, T. Krone, A. Sorknaes, and H. Ellegaard. Economic benefits of teaching patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease about their illness. The PASTMA Group. Lancet 339 (8808):1517-1520, 1992.
38. 1727--T. Troosters, R. Gosselink, and M. Decramer. Short- and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med 109 (3):207-212, 2000.
39. 3857--K. Rost, P. Nutting, J. Smith, J. Werner, and N. Duan. Improving depression outcomes in community primary care practice: a randomized trial of the quEST intervention. Quality Enhancement by Strategic Teaming. J Gen Intern Med 16 (3):143-149, 2001.
40. 3282--G. Worrall, J. Angel, P. Chaulk, C. Clarke, and M. Robbins. Effectiveness of an educational strategy to improve family physicians' detection and management of depression: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 161 (1):37-40, 1999.
41. 3634--E. H. Lin, G. E. Simon, W. J. Katon, J. E. Russo, M. Von Korff, T. M. Bush, E. J. Ludman, and E. A. Walker. Can enhanced acute-phase treatment of depression improve long-term outcomes? A report of randomized trials in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 156 (4):643-645, 1999.
42. 2915--R. H. Llewellyn-Jones, K. A. Baikie, H. Smithers, J. Cohen, J. Snowdon, and C. C. Tennant. Multifaceted shared care intervention for late life depression in residential care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 319 (7211):676-682, 1999.
43. 1737--C. Thompson, A. L. Kinmonth, L. Stevens, R. C. Peveler, A. Stevens, K. J. Ostler, R. M. Pickering, N. G. Baker, A. Henson, J. Preece, D. Cooper, and M. J. Campbell. Effects of a clinical-practice guideline and practice-based education on detection and outcome of depression in primary care: Hampshire Depression Project randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355 (9199):185-191, 2000.
44. 1895--E. M. Hunkeler, J. F. Meresman, W. A. Hargreaves, B. Fireman, W. H. Berman, A. J. Kirsch, J. Groebe, S. W. Hurt, P. Braden, M. Getzell, P. A. Feigenbaum, T. Peng, and M. Salzer. Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care. Arch Fam Med 9 (8):700-708, 2000.
45. 7882--W. Katon, P. Robinson, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, T. Bush, E. Ludman, G. Simon, and E. Walker. A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of depression in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 (10):924-932, 1996.
46. 729--W. Katon, C. Rutter, E. J. Ludman, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, G. Simon, T. Bush, E. Walker, and J. Unutzer. A randomized trial of relapse prevention of depression in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 (3):241-247, 2001.
47. 2220--D. J. Katzelnick, G. E. Simon, S. D. Pearson, W. G. Manning, C. P. Helstad, H. J. Henk, S. M. Cole, E. H. Lin, L. H. Taylor, and K. A. Kobak. Randomized trial of a depression management program in high utilizers of medical care. Arch Fam Med 9 (4):345-351, 2000.
48. 2027--M. A. Whooley, B. Stone, and K. Soghikian. Randomized trial of case-finding for depression in elderly primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med 15 (5):293-300, 2000.
49. 10688--C. M. Callahan, H. C. Hendrie, R. S. Dittus, D. C. Brater, S. L. Hui, and W. M. Tierney. Improving treatment of late life depression in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 42 (8):839-846, 1994.
50. 9677--W. Katon, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, E. Walker, G. E. Simon, T. Bush, P. Robinson, and J. Russo. Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. Impact on depression in primary care. JAMA 273 (13):1026-1031, 1995.
51. 758--J. L. Smith, K. M. Rost, P. A. Nutting, C. E. Elliott, and N. Duan. A primary care intervention for depression. J Rural Health 16 (4):313-323, 2000.
52. 3805--K. B. Wells, C. Sherbourne, M. Schoenbaum, N. Duan, L. Meredith, J. Unutzer, J. Miranda, M. F. Carney, and L. V. Rubenstein. Impact of disseminating quality improvement programs for depression in managed primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 (2):212-220, 2000.
53. 3804--G. E. Simon, M. VonKorff, C. Rutter, and E. Wagner. Randomised trial of monitoring, feedback, and management of care by telephone to improve treatment of depression in primary care. BMJ 320 (7234):550-554, 2000.
54. 12859--K. Magruder-Habib, W. W. Zung, and J. R. Feussner. Improving physicians' recognition and treatment of depression in general medical care. Results from a randomized clinical trial. Med Care 28 (3):239-250, 1990.
55. 1622--S. Tutty, G. Simon, and E. Ludman. Telephone counseling as an adjunct to antidepressant treatment in the primary care system. A pilot study. Eff Clin Pract 3 (4):170-178, 2000.
56. 2697--W. Katon, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, G. Simon, E. Walker, J. Unutzer, T. Bush, J. Russo, and E. Ludman. Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent symptoms of depression: a randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (12):1109-1115, 1999.
57. 1108--E. A. Walker, W. J. Katon, J. Russo, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, G. Simon, T. Bush, E. Ludman, and J. Unutzer. Predictors of outcome in a primary care depression trial. J Gen Intern Med 15 (12):859-867, 2000.
58. 7176--S. Banerjee, K. Shamash, A. J. Macdonald, and A. H. Mann. Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home. BMJ 313 (7064):1058-1061, 1996.
59. E. M. Benjamin, M. S. Schneider, and K. T. Hinchey. Implementing practice guidelines for diabetes care using problem-based learning. A prospective controlled trial using firm systems. Diabetes Care 22 (10):1672-1678, 1999.
60. 3827--I de Weerdt, A. P. Visser, G. J. Kok, O. de Weerdt, and E. A. van der Veen. Randomized controlled multicentre evaluation of an education programme for insulin-treated diabetic patients: effects on metabolic control, quality of life, and costs of therapy. Diabet Med 8 (4):338-345, 1991.
61. 1021--M. E. Donohoe, J. A. Fletton, A. Hook, R. Powell, I. Robinson, J. W. Stead, K. Sweeney, R. Taylor, and J. E. Tooke. Improving foot care for people with diabetes mellitus--a randomized controlled trial of an integrated care approach. Diabet Med 17 (8):581-587, 2000.
62. 821--A. L. Kinmonth, A. Woodcock, S. Griffin, N. Spiegal, and M. J. Campbell. Randomised controlled trial of patient centred care of diabetes in general practice: impact on current wellbeing and future disease risk. The Diabetes Care From Diagnosis Research Team. BMJ 317 (7167):1202-1208, 1998.
63. 3839--F. Vinicor, S. J. Cohen, S. A. Mazzuca, N. Moorman, M. Wheeler, T. Kuebler, S. Swanson, P. Ours, S. E. Fineberg, E. E. Gordon, and . DIABEDS: a randomized trial of the effects of physician and/or patient education on diabetes patient outcomes. J Chronic Dis 40 (4):345-356, 1987.
64. 988--R. E. Aubert, W. H. Herman, J. Waters, W. Moore, D. Sutton, B. L. Peterson, C. M. Bailey, and J. P. Koplan. Nurse case management to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients in a health maintenance organization. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 129 (8):605-612, 1998.
65. 11351--B. Hurwitz, C. Goodman, and J. Yudkin. Prompting the clinical care of non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetic patients in an inner city area: one model of community care. BMJ 306 (6878):624-630, 1993.
66. 1770--K. Kulkarni, G. Castle, R. Gregory, A. Holmes, C. Leontos, M. Powers, L. Snetselaar, P. Splett, and J. Wylie-Rosett. Nutrition Practice Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus positively affect dietitian practices and patient outcomes. The Diabetes Care and Education Dietetic Practice Group. J Am Diet Assoc 98 (1):62-70, 1998.
67. 762--J. D. Piette, M. Weinberger, F. B. Kraemer, and S. J. McPhee. Impact of automated calls with nurse follow-up on diabetes treatment outcomes in a Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 24 (2):202-208, 2001.
68. 1933--J. J. de Sonnaville, M. Bouma, L. P. Colly, W. Deville, D. Wijkel, and R. J. Heine. Sustained good glycaemic control in NIDDM patients by implementation of structured care in general practice: 2-year follow-up study. Diabetologia 40 (11):1334-1340, 1997.
69. 11448--D. K. Litzelman, C. W. Slemenda, C. D. Langefeld, L. M. Hays, M. A. Welch, D. E. Bild, E. S. Ford, and F. Vinicor. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 119 (1):36-41, 1993.
70. 2868--Anonymous. Integrated care for diabetes: clinical, psychosocial, and economic evaluation. Diabetes Integrated Care Evaluation Team. BMJ 308 (6938):1208-1212, 1994.
71. 3855--G. A. D'Eramo-Melkus, J. Wylie-Rosett, and J. A. Hagan. Metabolic impact of education in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 15 (7):864-869, 1992.
72. 8666--M. I. Domenech, D. Assad, M. E. Mazzei, P. Kronsbein, and J. J. Gagliardino. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an ambulatory teaching/treatment programme for non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 32 (3):143-147, 1995.
73. 8859--M. J. Franz, A. Monk, B. Barry, K. McClain, T. Weaver, N. Cooper, P. Upham, R. Bergenstal, and R. S. Mazze. Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dietitians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc 95 (9):1009-1017, 1995.
74. 16047--L. A. Jaber, H. Halapy, M. Fernet, S. Tummalapalli, and H. Diwakaran. Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model on diabetes management. Ann Pharmacother 30 (3):238-243, 1996.
75. 3819 S. A. Mazzuca, N. H. Moorman, M. L. Wheeler, J. A. Norton, N. S. Fineberg, F. Vinicor, S. J. Cohen, and C. M. Clark, Jr. The diabetes education study: a controlled trial of the effects of diabetes patient education. Diabetes Care 9 (1):1-10, 1986.
76. 13620--I. Raz, V. Soskolne, and P. Stein. Influence of small-group education sessions on glucose homeostasis in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 11 (1):67-71, 1988.
77. 2489--J. D. Piette, M. Weinberger, and S. J. McPhee. The effect of automated calls with telephone nurse follow-up on patient- centered outcomes of diabetes care: a randomized, controlled trial. Med Care 38 (2):218-230, 2000.
78. 3292--N. A. Ridgeway, D. R. Harvill, L. M. Harvill, T. M. Falin, G. M. Forester, and O. D. Gose. Improved control of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a practical education/behavior modification program in a primary care clinic. South Med J 92 (7):667-672, 1999.
79. 9634--M. Weinberger, M. S. Kirkman, G. P. Samsa, E. A. Shortliffe, P. B. Landsman, P. A. Cowper, D. L. Simel, and J. R. Feussner. A nurse-coordinated intervention for primary care patients with non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: impact on glycemic control and health-related quality of life. J Gen Intern Med 10 (2):59-66, 1995.
80. 7878--P. J. O'Connor, W. A. Rush, J. Peterson, P. Morben, L. Cherney, C. Keogh, and S. Lasch. Continuous quality improvement can improve glycemic control for HMO patients with diabetes. Arch Fam Med 5 (9):502-506, 1996.
81. 616--L. E. Harris, F. C. Luft, D. W. Rudy, J. G. Kesterson, and W. M. Tierney. Effects of multidisciplinary case management in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Med 105 (6):464-471, 1998.
82. 7283--T. C. Keyserling, A. S. Ammerman, C. E. Davis, M. C. Mok, J. Garrett, and R. Simpson, Jr. A randomized controlled trial of a physician-directed treatment program for low-income patients with high blood cholesterol: the Southeast Cholesterol Project. Arch Fam Med 6 (2):135-145, 1997.
83. 6913--P. E. Bogden, L. M. Koontz, P. Williamson, and R. D. Abbott. The physician and pharmacist team. An effective approach to cholesterol reduction. J Gen Intern Med 12 (3):158-164, 1997.
84. 10178--W. S. Browner, R. B. Baron, S. Solkowitz, L. J. Adler, and D. S. Gullion. Physician management of hypercholesterolemia. A randomized trial of continuing medical education. West J Med 161 (6):572-578, 1994.
85. 3814--J. E. Fielding, T. Mason, K. Kinght, R. Klesges, and K. R. Pelletier. A randomized trial of the IMPACT worksite cholesterol reduction program. Am J Prev Med 11 (2):120-123, 1995.
86. 1095--S. L. Ellis, B. L. Carter, D. C. Malone, S. J. Billups, G. J. Okano, R. J. Valuck, D. J. Barnette, C. D. Sintek, D. Covey, B. Mason, S. Jue, J. Carmichael, K. Guthrie, R. Dombrowski, D. R. Geraets, and M. Amato. Clinical and economic impact of ambulatory care clinical pharmacists in management of dyslipidemia in older adults: the IMPROVE study. Impact of Managed Pharmaceutical Care on Resource Utilization and Outcomes in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Pharmacotherapy 20 (12):1508-1516, 2000.
87. 966--D. J. Hyman, K. S. Ho, J. K. Dunn, and D. Simons-Morton. Dietary intervention for cholesterol reduction in public clinic patients. Am J Prev Med 15 (2):139-145, 1998.
88. 7319--S. R. Erickson, R. Slaughter, and H. Halapy. Pharmacists' ability to influence outcomes of hypertension therapy. Pharmacotherapy 17 (1):140-147, 1997.
89. 3421--Hetlevik, J. Holmen, and O. Kruger. Implementing clinical guidelines in the treatment of hypertension in general practice. Evaluation of patient outcome related to implementation of a computer-based clinical decision support system. Scand J Prim Health Care 17 (1):35-40, 1999.
90. 2329--A. A. Montgomery, T. Fahey, T. J. Peters, C. MacIntosh, and D. J. Sharp. Evaluation of computer based clinical decision support system and risk chart for management of hypertension in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 320 (7236):686-690, 2000.
91. 543--P. E. Bogden, R. D. Abbott, P. Williamson, J. K. Onopa, and L. M. Koontz. Comparing standard care with a physician and pharmacist team approach for uncontrolled hypertension. J Gen Intern Med 13 (11):740-745, 1998.
92. 3847--J. E. Fielding, K. Knight, T. Mason, R. C. Klesges, and K. R. Pelletier. Evaluation of the IMPACT blood pressure program. J Occup Med 36 (7):743-746, 1994.
93. 16069 Anonymous. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. JAMA 242 (23):2562-2571, 1979.
94. 1490--V. K. Branch, K. Lipsky, T. Nieman, and P. E. Lipsky. Positive impact of an intervention by arthritis patient educators on knowledge and satisfaction of patients in a rheumatology practice. Arthritis Care Res 12 (6):370-375, 1999.
95. 3842--S. Katz, P. J. Vignos, Jr., R. W. Moskowitz, H. M. Thompson, and K. H. Svec. Comprehensive outpatient care in rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled study. JAMA 206 (6):1249-1254, 1968.
96. 3843--J. T. Shope, B. A. Banwell, A. M. Jette, C. Kulik, and N. L. Edwards. Functional status outcome after treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol Pract November/December:243-248, 1983.
97. 13567--M. Ahlmen, M. Sullivan, and A. Bjelle. Team versus non-team outpatient care in rheumatoid arthritis. A comprehensive outcome evaluation including an overall health measure. Arthritis Rheum 31 (4):471-479, 1988.
98. 9058--E. S. Schned, M. A. Doyle, S. L. Glickstein, J. T. Schousboe, J. L. Reinertsen, A. J. Baglioni, and T. F. Tolson. Team managed outpatient care for early onset chronic inflammatory arthritis. J Rheumatol 22 (6):1141-1148, 1995.
99. 1457--M. J. Bell, S. C. Lineker, A. L. Wilkins, C. H. Goldsmith, and E. M. Badley. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of community based physical therapy in the treatment of people with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 25 (2):231-237, 1998.
100. 3841--Y. Lindroth, A. Bauman, C. Barnes, M. McCredie, and P. M. Brooks. A controlled evaluation of arthritis education. Br J Rheumatol 28 (1):7-12, 1989.
101. 2785--C. Scholten, T. Brodowicz, W. Graninger, I. Gardavsky, K. Pils, B. Pesau, E. Eggl-Tyl, A. Wanivenhaus, and C. C. Zielinski. Persistent functional and social benefit 5 years after a multidisciplinary arthritis training program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80 (10):1282-1287, 1999.
102. 8309--T. P. Vliet Vlieland, A. H. Zwinderman, J. P. Vandenbroucke, F. C. Breedveld, and J. M. Hazes. A randomized clinical trial of in-patient multidisciplinary treatment versus routine out-patient care in active rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 35 (5):475-482, 1996.

Appendix 1: The search strategy

Database: MEDLINE and HealthSTAR, July 1987 to May 2001

1 patient care planning/

2 patient care team/

3 primary nursing care/

4 case management/

5 critical pathways/

6 primary health care/

7 continuity of patient care/

8 guidelines/

9 practice guidelines/

10 disease management.tw.

11 disease management/

12 disease state management.tw.

13 comprehensive health care/

14 ambulatory care/

15 or/1-14

16 case control studies/

17 retrospective studies/

18 cohort studies/

19 longitudinal studies/

20 follow-up studies/

21 prospective studies/

22 cross-sectional studies/

23 crossover studies/

24 clinical protocols/

25 clinical trials/

26 multicenter studies/

27 randomized controlled trials/

28 feasibility studies/

29 intervention studies/

30 pilot projects/

31 sampling studies/

32 double blind method/

33 matched pair analysis/

34 random allocation/

35 reproducibility of results/

36 controlled clinical trials/

37 sample size/

38 single-blind method/

39 random$.tw.

40 or/16-39

41 exp economics/

42 ec.fs.

43 41 or 42

44 controlled clinical trial.pt.

45 clinical trial.pt.

46 multicenter study.pt.

47 randomized controlled trial.pt.

48 or/44-47

49 40 or 43 or 48

50 15 and 49

51 limit 50 to human

52 limit 51 to english language

53 52 not letter.pt.

54 53 not editorial.pt.

55 54 not review.pt.

56 55 not news.pt.

57 child$.ti.

58 56 not 57

59 pediatric$.ti.

60 58 not 59

61 adolescen$.ti.

62 60 not 61

63 youth.ti.

64 62 not 63

65 infant$.ti.

66 64 not 65

67 neonate$.ti.

68 66 not 67

69 limit 68 to animal/

70 68 not 69

71 limit 70 to dental journals

72 70 not 71

73 interview.pt.

74 72 not 73

75 limit 74 to yr=1999-2002

76 limit 75 to em=19990701-20010515

Appendix 2  Sample list of processes of care or outcomes associated with disease control